Concept 39.1   Animals Use Innate and Adaptive Mechanisms to Defend Themselves against Pathogens

Concept 39.2   Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific

Concept 39.3   The Adaptive Immune Response Is Specific

Concept 39.4   The Adaptive Humoral Immune Response Involves Specific Antibodies

See ANIMATED TUTORIAL 39.2

Concept 39.5    The Adaptive Cellular Immune Response Involves T Cells and Their Receptors

See ANIMATED TUTORIAL 39.4

See ACTIVITY 39.3 for a review of the major human organ systems.