APA style for a list of references

Give the last name, a comma, the initial(s), and the date in parentheses.

Lightman, A. P. (2002).

List up to seven authors, last name first, with commas separating authors’ names and an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.

Walsh, M. E., & Murphy, J. A. (2003).

Note: For a work with more than seven authors, list the first six, then give three ellipses and the final author's name.

Resources for Rehabilitation. (2003).

Begin with the work’s title.

National Geographic atlas of the Middle East. (2003).

List two or more works by the same author in chronological order. Repeat the author’s name in each entry.

Goodall, J. (1999).

Goodall, J. (2002).

If the works appeared in the same year, list them alphabetically by title, and assign lowercase letters (a, b, etc.) after the dates.

Shermer, M. (2002a). On estimating the lifetime of civilizations. Scientific
     American, 287(2), 33.

Shermer, M. (2002b). Readers who question evolution. Scientific American, 287(1), 37.

Books

Begin with the author name(s). (See models 1-5.) Then include the publication year, the title and subtitle, the city and state (or country) of publication, and the publisher. The source map on pp. 264-65 shows where to find this information in a typical book.

Levick, S. E. (2003). Clone being: Exploring the psychological and social
     dimensions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Dickens, J. (Ed.). (1995). Family outing: A guide for parents of gays, lesbians and
     bisexuals. London: Peter Owen.

Burke, W. W., & Nourmair, D. A. (2001). The role of personality assessment in
     organization development. In J. Waclawski & A. H. Church (Eds.),
     Organization development: A data-driven approach to organizational change
     (pp. 55–77). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Al-Farabi, A. N. (1998). On the perfect state (R. Walzer, Trans.). Chicago: Kazi.

Moore, G. S. (2002). Living with the earth: Concepts in environmental health
     science (2nd ed.). New York: Lewis.

Barnes, J. (Ed.). (1995). Complete works of Aristotle (Vols. 1-2). Princeton, NJ:
     Princeton University Press.

Note: If you cite just one volume of a multivolume work, list the volume used, instead of the complete span of volumes, in parentheses after the title.

Dean, C. (1994). Jaws and teeth. In The Cambridge encyclopedia of human
     evolution (pp. 56–59). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

If no author is listed, begin with the title.

Piaget, J. (1952). The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge &
     Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1932)

Print periodicals

O’Connell, D. C., & Kowal, S. (2003). Psycholinguistics: A half century of
     monologism. The American Journal of Psychology, 116, 191–212.

If each issue begins with page 1, include the issue number after the volume number.

Hall, R. E. (2000). Marriage as vehicle of racism among women of color.
     Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 37(2), 29–40.

Ricciardi, S. (2003, August 5). Enabling the mobile work force. PC Magazine, 22, 46.

Faler, B. (2003, August 29). Primary colors: Race and fundraising. The Washington
     Post, p. A5.

Zelneck, B. (2003, July 18). Serving the public at public universities [Letter to
     the editor]. The Chronicle Review, p. B18.

Annual meeting announcement. (2003, March). Cognitive Psychology, 46, 227.

Ringel, S. (2003). [Review of the book Multiculturalism and the therapeutic
     process]. Clinical Social Work Journal, 31, 212–213.

Smith, H. (2002, October). [Interview with A. Thompson]. The Sun, pp. 4–7.

Updated guidelines for citing various kinds of electronic resources are maintained at the APA’s Web site (www.apa.org).

Give the author, date, title, and publication information as you would for a print document. Include both the volume and issue numbers (if given) for all journal articles. If the article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include it. If there is no DOI, include the URL for the periodical's home page or for the article (if the article is difficult to find from the periodical's home page). For newspaper articles accessible from a searchable Web site, give the site URL only.

Cleary, J. M., & Crafti, N. (2007). Basic need satisfaction, emotional eating, and
     dietary restraint as risk factors for recurrent overeating in a community
     sample. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(3), 27–39. Retrieved from
     http:// ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

Give the information as you would for a print document. Include both the volume and issue numbers for all journal articles. If the article has a DOI, include it. If there is no DOI, write Retrieved from and the URL of the journal's home page, not the URL of the database. (A Web search for the journal will give the URL.) The source map on pp. 270-71 shows where to find this information for a typical article from a database.

Hazleden, R. (2003, December). Love yourself: The relationship of the self with
     itself in popular self-help texts. Journal of Sociology, 39(4), 413–428.
     Retrieved from http://jos.sagepub.com

Morley, N. J., Ball, L. J., & Ormerod, T. C. (2006). How the detection of insurance
     fraud succeeds and fails. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 12(2), 163–180.
     doi:10.1080/10683160512331316325

Include all of the following information that you can find: the author's name; the publication date (or n.d. if no date is available); the title of the document; the title of the site or larger work, if any; any publication information available in addition to the date; Retrieved from and the URL. Provide your date of access only if no publication date is given. The source map on pp. 274-75 shows where to find this information for an article from a Web site.

Behnke, P. C. (2006, February 22). The homeless are everyone’s problem. Authors’
     Den. Retrieved from http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewArticle.asp?id=21017

What parents should know about treatment of behavioral and emotional disorders
     in preschool children. (2006). APA Online. Retrieved from
     http://www.apa.org/releases/kidsmed.html

Follow model 24. After the chapter or section title, type In and give the document title, with identifying information, if any, in parentheses. End with the date of access and the URL.

Salamon, Andrew. (n.d.). War in Europe. In Childhood in times of war (chap. 2).
     Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://remember.org/jean

Because the APA stresses that any sources cited in your list of references be retrievable by your readers, you should not include entries for email messages, real-time communications (such as text messages), or any other postings that are not archived. Instead, cite these sources in your text as forms of personal communication.

Include an online posting in the references list only if you are able to retrieve the message from an archive. Provide the author's name, the date of posting, and the subject line. Include other identifying information in square brackets. End with the retrieval statement and the URL of the archived message. For a newsgroup posting, end with the name of the newsgroup.

Troike, R. C. (2001, June 21). Buttercups and primroses [Electronic mailing list
     message]. Retrieved fromhttp://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/ads-l.html

Wittenberg, E. (2001, July 11). Gender and the Internet [Newsgroup message]. Retrieved
     from to news://comp.edu.composition

Spaulding, P. (2008, April 16). I did laundry rather than watch tonight’s debate. [Web log
     post]. Retrieved from http://pandagon.blogsome.com/

Use the date of posting, if there is one, or n.d. for “no date” if there is none. Include the retrieval date because wiki content can change frequently.

Happiness. (2007, June 14). Retrieved March 24, 2008, from PsychWiki:
     http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Happiness

PsychMate [Computer software]. (2003). Available from Psychology Software Tools:
     http://pstnet.com/products/psychmate

Other sources (including online versions)

Office of the Federal Register. (2003). The United States government manual
     2003/2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Cite an online government document as you would a printed government work, adding the date of access and the URL. If there is no date, use n.d.

U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The surgeon general’s call to action to prevent
     suicide. Retrieved November 5, 2003, from http://www.mentalhealth.org/
     suicideprevention/calltoaction.asp

If you retrieved the dissertation from a database, give the database name and the accession number, if one is assigned.

Lengel, L. L. (1968). The righteous cause: Some religious aspects of Kansas
     populism. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (6900033)

If you retrieve a dissertation from a Web site, give the type of dissertation, the institution, and year after the title, and provide a retrieval statement.

Meeks, M. G. (2006). Between abolition and reform: First-year writing programs,
     e-literacies, and institutional change (doctoral dissertation, University of
     North Carolina, 2006). Retrieved from http://dc.lib.unc.edu/

McCool, R., Fikes, R., & McGuinness, D. (2003). Semantic Web tools for enhanced
     authoring (Report No. KSL-03–07). Stanford, CA: Knowledge Systems Laboratory.

Mama, A. (2001). Challenging subjects: Gender and power in African contexts. In
     Proceedings of Nordic African Institute Conference: Rethinking power in Africa.
     Uppsala, Sweden, 9–18.

Cite the month of the meeting if it is available.

Jones, J. G. (1999, February). Mental health intervention in mass casualty
     disasters. Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental
     Health Conference, Laramie, WY.

Barnes Young, L. L. (2003, August). Cognition, aging, and dementia. Poster
     session presented at the 2003 Division 40 APA Convention, Toronto, Ontario,
     Canada.

Mottola, G. (Director). (2007). Superbad [Motion picture]. United
     States: Sony.

Imperioli, M. (Writer), & Buscemi, S. (Director). (2002). Everybody hurts
     [Television series episode]. In D. Chase (Executive Producer), The Sopranos.
     New York: Home Box Office.

Include as much of the following information as you can find: the writer or producer; the date produced or posted; the title of the podcast; identifying information, if necessary, in brackets; the title of the series, if any; and the retrieval information.

Allen, D. (Producer). (2005). Deep jungle: New frontiers [Television series
     episode]. In F. Kaufman (Executive Producer), Nature. Podcast retrieved from
     WNET: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/podcasts.html

Include as much information as you can find, as for a video podcast (see model 39).

O’Brien, K. (Writer). (2008, January 31). Developing countries. KUSP’s life in the
     fast lane. [Audio file]. Retrieved from http://www.kusp.org/shows/fast.html

Klusman, P. (2008, February 13). An engineer’s guide to cats [Video file]. Video
     posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHXBL6bzAR4

The Avalanches. (2001). Frontier psychiatrist. On Since I left you [CD]. Los
     Angles: Elektra/Asylum Records.