CSE style for a list of references

The citations in the text of an essay correspond to items on a list called References.

In the following examples, you will see that the citation-sequence and citation-name formats call for listing the date after the publisher’s name in references for books and after the periodical name in references for articles. The name-year format calls for listing the date immediately after the author’s name in any kind of reference.

CSE style also specifies the treatment and placement of the following basic elements:

As you refer to the following sample entries, pay attention to how publication information (publishers for books, details about periodicals for articles) and other specific elements are punctuated.

BOOKS
1. One author
2. Two or more authors
3. Corporate or group author
4. Book prepared by editor(s)
5. Section of a book with an editor
6. Chapter of a book
7. Paper or abstract in conference proceedings
PERIODICALS
8. Article in a journal
9. Article in a weekly journal
10. Article in a magazine
11. Article in a newspaper
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
12. Material from an online database
13. Article in an online journal
14. Article in an online newspaper
15. Online book
16. Web site
17. Government Web site

Books
1. ONE AUTHOR

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

1. Buchanan M. Nexus: small worlds and the groundbreaking theory of networks. New York: Norton; 2003.

NAME-YEAR

Buchanan M. 2003. Nexus: small worlds and the groundbreaking theory of networks. New York: Norton.
2. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

2. Wojciechowski BW, Rice NM. Experimental methods in kinetic studies. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Science; 2003.

NAME-YEAR

Wojciechowski BW, Rice NM. 2003. Experimental methods in kinetic studies. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Science.
3. CORPORATE OR GROUP AUTHOR

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

3. World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization; 2002.

Place the organization’s abbreviation at the beginning of the nameyear entry, and use the abbreviation in the corresponding in-text citation. Alphabetize the entry by the first word of the full name, not by the abbreviation.

NAME-YEAR

[WHO] World Health Organization. 2002. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization.
4. BOOK PREPARED BY EDITOR(S)

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

4. Torrence ME, Issacson RE, editors. Microbial food safety in animal agriculture: current topics. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 2003.

NAME-YEAR

Torrence ME, Isaacson RE, editors. 2003. Microbial safety in animal agriculture: current topics. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
5. SECTION OF A BOOK WITH AN EDITOR

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

5. Kawamura A. Plankton. In: Perrin MF, Wursig B, Thewissen JGM, editors. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. San Diego: Academic Press; 2002. p. 939–942.

NAME-YEAR

Kawamura A. 2002. Plankton. In: Perrin MF, Wursig B, Thewissen JGM, editors. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 939–942.
6. CHAPTER OF A BOOK

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

6. Honigsbaum M. The fever trail: in search of the cure for malaria. New York: Picador; 2003. Chapter 2, The cure; p. 19–38.

NAME-YEAR

Honigsbaum M. 2003. The fever trail: in search of the cure for malaria. New York: Picador. Chapter 2, The cure; p. 19–38.
7. PAPER OR ABSTRACT IN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

7. Gutierrez AP. Integrating biological and environmental factors in crop system models [abstract]. In: Integrated Biological Systems Conference; 2003 Apr 14–16; San Antonio, TX. Beaumont (TX): Agroeconomics Research Group; 2003. p. 14–15.

NAME-YEAR

Gutierrez AP. 2003. Integrating biological and environmental factors in crop system models [abstract]. In: Integrated Biological Systems Conference; 2003 Apr 14–16; San Antonio, TX. Beaumont (TX): Agroeconomics Research Group. p. 14–15.

Periodicals

For the basic format for an article from a periodical, see pp. 308-09. For newspaper and magazine articles, include the section designation and column number, if any, in addition to the date and the inclusive page numbers. For rules on abbreviating journal titles, consult the CSE manual, or ask an instructor to suggest other examples.
8. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

8. Mahmud K, Vance ML. Human growth hormone and aging. New Engl J Med. 2003;348(2):2256–2257.

NAME-YEAR

Mahmud K, Vance ML. 2003. Human growth hormone and aging. New Engl J Med. 348(2):2256–2257.
9. ARTICLE IN A WEEKLY JOURNAL

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

9. Holden C. Future brightening for depression treatments. Science. 2003 Oct 31:810–813.

NAME-YEAR

Holden C. 2003. Future brightening for depression treatments. Science. Oct 31:810–813.
10. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

10. Livio M. Moving right along: the accelerating universe holds secrets to dark energy, the Big Bang, and the ultimate beauty of nature. Astronomy. 2002 Jul:34–39.

NAME-YEAR

Livio M. 2002 Jul. Moving right along: the accelerating universe holds secrets to dark energy, the Big Bang, and the ultimate beauty of nature. Astronomy. 34–39.
11. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

CITATION-SEQUENCE AND CITATION-NAME

11. Kolata G. Bone diagnosis gives new data but no answers. New York Times (National Ed.). 2003 Sep 28;Sect. 1:1 (col. 1).

NAME-YEAR

Kolata G. 2003 Sep 28. Bone diagnosis gives new data but no answers. New York Times (National Ed.). Sect. 1:1 (col. 1).

Electronic sources

These examples use the citation-sequence or citation-name system. To adapt them to the name-year system, delete the note number and place the update date immediately after the author’s name.

The basic entry for most sources accessed through the Internet should include the following elements:

  • Author. Give the author’s name, if available, last name first, followed by the initial(s) and a period.
  • Title. For book, journal, and article titles, follow the style for print materials. For all other types of electronic material, reproduce the title that appears on the screen.
  • Medium. Indicate, in brackets, that the source is not in print format by using designations such as [Internet].
  • Place of publication. The city usually should be followed by the twoletter abbreviation for state. No state abbreviation is necessary for well-known cities such as New York, Chicago, Boston, and London or for a publisher whose location is part of its name (for example, University of Oklahoma Press). If the city is inferred, put the city and state in brackets. It the city cannot be inferred, use the words place unknown in brackets.
  • Publisher. For Web sites, pages on Web sites, and online databases, include the individual or organization that produces or sponsors the site. If no publisher can be determined, use the words publisher unknown in brackets. No publisher is necessary for online journals or journals accessed online.
  • Dates. Cite three important dates if possible: the date the publication was placed on the Internet or the copyright date; the latest date of any update or revision; and the date you accessed the publication.
  • Page, document, volume, and issue numbers. When citing a portion of a larger work or site, list the inclusive page numbers or document numbers of the specific item being cited. For journals or journal articles, include volume and issue numbers. If exact page numbers are not available, include in brackets the approximate length in computer screens, paragraphs, or bytes.
  • Address. Include the URL or other electronic address; use the phrase Available from: to introduce the address. Only URLs that end with a slash are followed by a period.
12. MATERIAL FROM AN ONLINE DATABASE

Because CSE does not provide guidelines for citing an article from an online database, this model has been adapted from CSE guidelines for citing an online journal article.

12. Shilts E. Water wanderers. Can Geographic [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2004 Jan 27]; 122(3):72–77. Expanded Academic ASAP. Farmington Hills (MI): Thomson Gale. Available from: http://web4.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/ Document No.: A86207443.
13. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL

13. Perez P, Calonge TM. Yeast protein kinase C. J Biochem [Internet]. 2002 Oct
[cited 2003 Nov 3];132(4):513–517. Available from: http://edpex104.bcasj.or
.jp/jb-pdf/132-4/jb132-4-513.pdf
14. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE NEWSPAPER

14. Yoon CK. Genes offer new clues in old debate on species’ origins. New York Times [Internet]. 2009 Feb 9 [cited 2009 Mar 30]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/ 10/science/10species.html
15. ONLINE BOOK

15. Patrick TS, Allison JR, Krakow GA. Protected plants of Georgia [Internet].
Social Circle (GA): Georgia Department of Natural Resources; c1995 [cited 2003
Dec 3]. Available from: http://www.georgiawildlife.com/content/
displaycontent.asp?txtDocument=89&txtPage=9

To cite a portion of an online book, give the name of the part after the publication information: Chapter 6, Encouraging germination. See model 6.
16. WEB SITE

16. Geology and public policy [Internet]. Boulder (CO): Geological Society of
America; c2003 [updated 2003 Apr 8; cited 2003 Apr 13]. Available from:
http://www.geosociety.org/science/govpolicy.htm
17. GOVERNMENT WEB SITE

17. Health disparities: minority cancer awareness [Internet]. Atlanta (GA):
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); [updated 2004 Apr 27; cited
2005 May 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/minorityawareness.htm