| CHAPTER 13: Reformations and
Religious Wars, 1500–1600 |
| I. The Early Reformation |
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A. The Christian Church
in the Early Sixteenth Century |
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1.
Piety |
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2.
Church Criticism and Reform |
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3.
Anticlericalism |
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B. Martin Luther
(1483–1546) |
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1.
The Life of Luther |
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2.
Justification by Faith |
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3.
Indulgences |
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4.
The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) |
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5. The Break
with Rome |
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C. Protestant Thought |
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1.
Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) |
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2.
Protestants |
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3.
Protestant Ideas |
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4.
Protestant Disagreements |
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D. The Appeal of
Protestant Ideas |
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1.
The Power of Luther’s Ideas |
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2.
The Printing Press |
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3. Political
Authority |
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E. The Radical
Reformation and the German Peasants’ War |
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1.
Radical Reformers |
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2.
Impact of Radical Reformers |
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3.
Peasant Rebellion |
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F. Marriage, Sexuality,
and the Role of Women |
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1.
Attack on Clerical Celibacy |
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2.
Position of Women |
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3.
Marriage |
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4. Condemnation
of Prostitution |
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5.
Nuns and Convents
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| II. The Reformation and German Politics |
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A. The Rise of the
Habsburg Dynasty |
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1.
Strategic Marriages |
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2.
Charles V (1550–1558) |
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B. Religious Wars in
Switzerland and Germany |
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1.
Assumptions about Religion |
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2.
Luther’s Appeal to German Leaders |
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3.
Religious Wars |
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4.
A Religious Stalemate (1530) |
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5. Peace of
Augsburg (1555)
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| III. The Spread of Protestant Ideas |
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A. Scandinavia |
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1.
Denmark-Norway |
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2.
Northern Norway and Iceland |
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3.
Sweden |
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B. Henry VIII and the
Reformation in England |
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1.
Henry’s Wives |
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2.
Religious Changes |
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3.
Government Administration |
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4.
Popular Support |
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5.
Ireland |
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C. Upholding
Protestantism in England |
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1.
Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) |
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2.
Mary Tudor (r. 1553–1558) |
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3.
Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) |
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4.
Threats to English Protestantism |
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5.
The Spanish Armada |
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D. Calvinism |
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1.
John Calvin (1509–1564) |
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2.
Calvin’s Theology |
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3.
Impact |
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4.
John Knox (1505?–1572) |
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E. The Reformation in
Eastern Europe |
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1.
Bohemia |
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2.
Poland-Lithuania |
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3.
Hungary
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| IV. The Catholic Reformation |
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A. Papal Reform and the
Council of Trent |
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1.
Catholic Reform Under Pope Paul III |
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2.
The Holy Office (1542) |
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3.
Council of Trent (1545–1563) |
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B. New and Reformed
Religious Orders |
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1.
Ursuline Order of Nuns |
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2.
The Jesuits
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| V. Religious Violence |
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A. French Religious Wars |
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1.
The Concordat of Bologna (1516) |
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2.
Huguenots |
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3.
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) |
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4. Politiques |
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5.
Edict of Nantes (1598) |
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B. The Netherlands Under Charles V |
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1.
Background |
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2.
The Spread of Calvinism |
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3.
Civil War (1568-1578) |
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4.
Union of Utrecht (1581) |
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C. The Great European
Witch Hunt (1480s–1660) |
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1.
Reasons for the Witch-Hunts |
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2.
Gender and Witchcraft Trials |
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3.
Legal Procedure |