| CHAPTER 16: Toward a New Worldview,
1540–1789 |
| I. Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution |
| |
A. Scientific Thought in
1500 |
| |
|
1.
Natural Philosophy |
| |
|
2.
Aristotelian Cosmology |
| |
|
3.
Ptolemy |
| |
|
4. Scientific
Consensus |
| |
B. Origins of the
Scientific Revolution |
| |
|
1.
Universities |
| |
|
2.
The Renaissance |
| |
|
3.
Navigation |
| |
|
4.
Astrology and Alchemy |
| |
C. The Copernican
Hypothesis |
| |
|
1.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) |
| |
|
2.
Copernican Hypothesis |
| |
|
3.
Implications |
| |
D. Brahe, Kepler, and
Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right |
| |
|
1.
Tyco Brahe (1546–1601) |
| |
|
2.
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) |
| |
|
3.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) |
| |
|
4.
Conflict with the Church |
| |
E. Newton’s Synthesis |
| |
|
1.
Isaac Newton (1642–1727) |
| |
|
2.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
| II. Important Changes in Scientific Thinking |
| |
A. Bacon, Descartes, and
the Scientific Method |
| |
|
1.
Francis Bacon (1561–1626) |
| |
|
2.
René Descartes (1596–1650) |
| |
|
3.
Cartesian Dualism |
| |
B. Medicine, the Body,
and Chemistry |
| |
|
1.
Paracelsus (1493–1541) |
| |
|
2.
Andreas Vesalius (1516–1564) |
| |
|
3.
William Harvey (1578–1657) |
| |
|
4.
Robert Boyle (1627–1691) |
| |
C. Empire and Natural
History |
| |
|
1.
Discoveries in the New World |
| |
|
2.
Scientific Expeditions |
| |
|
3.
Back Home |
| |
D. Science and Society |
| |
|
1.
Rise of the International Scientific Community |
| |
|
2.
Gender and Science |
| III. The Enlightenment |
| |
A. The Emergence of the Enlightenment (ca. 1690–1789) |
| |
|
1.
The Enlightenment Generation |
| |
|
2.
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) |
| |
|
3.
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) |
| |
|
4.
John Locke (1632–1704) |
| |
B. The Influence of the
Philosophes |
| |
|
1.
Philosophes |
| |
|
2.
Montesquieu (1689–1755) |
| |
|
3.
Voltaire (1694–1778) |
| |
|
4. Diderot
(1713–1784) and d’Alembert (1717-1783) |
| |
C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| |
|
1.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) |
| |
D. The International
Enlightenment |
| |
|
1.
The Religious Enlightenment |
| |
|
2.
The Scottish Enlightenment |
| |
|
3.
David Hume (1711–1776) |
| |
|
4.
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) |
| |
|
5.
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) |
| |
E. Urban Culture and
Life in the Public Sphere |
| |
|
1.
Reading Revolution |
| |
|
2.
Salons |
| |
|
3.
Rococo |
| |
|
4.
Public Sphere |
| |
F. Race and the
Enlightenment |
| |
|
1.
Carl von Linné |
| |
|
2.
David Hume and Immanuel Kant |
| |
|
3.
The Concept of “Race” |
| IV. Enlightened Absolutism |
| |
A. Frederick the Great
of Prussia (r. 1740–1786) |
| |
|
1.
Territorial Expansion |
| |
|
2.
Enlightened Rule |
| |
|
3.
Limits of Enlightenment |
| |
B. Catherine the Great
of Russia (r. 1762–1796) |
| |
|
1.
German Background |
| |
|
2.
Catherine and Enlightenment |
| |
|
3.
Territorial Expansion |
| |
C. The Austrian
Habsburgs |
| |
|
1.
Marie Theresa (r. 1740–1780) |
| |
|
2.
Joseph II (r. 1780–1790) |
| |
|
3.
Leopold II (r. 1790–1792) |
| |
D. Jewish Life and the
Limits of Enlightened Absolutism |
| |
|
1.
Jewish Life |
| |
|
2.
Haskalah |
| |
|
3.
Tolerance |