Chapter 26

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This outline reflects the major headings and subheadings in this chapter of your textbook. Use it to take notes as you read each section of the chapter. In your notes, try to restate the main idea of each section.

CHAPTER 26: The Age of Anxiety, 1880–1940
I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought
	A. Modern Philosophy
		1. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
		2. Henri Bergson (1859–1941)
		3. Logical Positivism and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
		4. Existentialism
		5. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
	B. The Revival of Christianity
		1. Christian Thought
		2. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
		3. Karl Barth (1886–1968)
		4. Gabriel Marcel (1887–1973)
		5. Other Leading Christian Intellectuals
	C. The New Physics
		1. Science
		2. Marie Curie (1867–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859–1906)
		3. Max Planck (1858–1947)
		4. Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
		5. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)
		6. Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)
	D. Freudian Psychology
		1. Freud’s Ideas
		2. Freudian Therapy
		3. Civilization and Its Discontents

II. Modernism in Architecture, Art, Literature, and Music
	A. Architecture and Design
		1. Modernism
		2. Functionalism
		3. Le Corbusier (1887–1965)
		4. Walter Gropius (1883–1969) and the Bauhaus
		5. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969)
	B. New Artistic Movements
		1. Visual Art in the WWI Era
		2. Impressionism
		3. Postimpressionism and Expressionism
		4. Cubism
		5. Dadaism
		6. Surrealism
		7. Art and Politics
	C. Twentieth-Century Literature
		1. New Techniques
		2. Marcel Proust (1871–1922)
		3. Stream of Consciousness Technique
		4. James Joyce (1882–1941)
		5. T.S. Eliot (1888–1965)
		6. Franz Kafka (1883–1924)
	D. Modern Music
		1. Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
		2. Alban Berg (1885–1935)
		3. Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951)

III. An Emerging Consumer Society
	A. Mass Culture
		1. A New Consumer Culture
		2. Social Impact
		3. The “Modern Girl”
		4. Criticisms
	B. The Appeal of Cinema
		1. Development
		2. The Golden Age of Silent Film
		3. Growing Appeal
		4. Propaganda
	C. The Arrival of Radio
		1. The Spread of Radio
		2. National Broadcasting Networks
		3. Propaganda

IV. The Search for Peace and Political Stability
	A. Germany and the Western Powers
		1. Reparations Payments
		2. French Alliances
		3. Reparations and the Great Inflation
	B. Hope in Foreign Affairs
		1. The Dawes Plan (1924)
		2. Political Settlements
		3. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
	C. Hope in Democratic Government
		1. German Stabilization
		2. French Stabilization
		3. Social Harmony in Britain

V. The Great Depression, 1929–1939
	A. The Economic Crisis
		1. The Great Depression
		2. Economic Weaknesses Before 1929
		3. Impact of the Financial Panic
		4. Crisis of Production
		5. Reasons for the Depression
	B. Mass Unemployment
		1. Unemployment Rates
		2. Social Problems
	C. The New Deal in the United States
		1. Roosevelt’s Goals
		2. Legacy
	D. The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
		1. Scandinavian Socialism
		2. The Socialist Response
	E. Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
		1. Orthodox Economic Theory in Britain
		2. Explaining British Improvement
		3. The French Malaise
		4. The Popular Front (1936)