Chapter 22 Outlines

Step One—Read the Chapter and Take Notes As You Go
This outline reflects the major headings and subheadings in this chapter of your textbook. Use it to take notes as you read each section of the chapter. In your notes, try to restate the main idea of each section.

Chapter 22: The End of Empire: The Global South on the Global Stage, 1914–Present
  I. Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
  A. The End of Empire in World History
    1. The new forces of nationalism, national self-determination, and the nation-state
    2. Suddenly empires became illegitimate
  B. Explaining African and Asian Independence
    1. Contradictions of the colonial empires
    2. A new international climate after WWII
    3. New elites challenge colonial rule

  II. Comparing Freedom Struggles
  A. The Case of India: Ending British Rule
    1. What is “Indian?”
    2. Indian National Congress, 1885
    3. Impact of WWI
    4. Mohandas Gandhi’s satyagraha
    5. All-India Muslim League, 1906
    6. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan
    7. Partition, 1947
  B. The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
    1. Independence but white minority rule, 1910
    2. British and Boers/Afrikaners
    3. A mature industrial economy using low-paid black labor
    4. Pass Laws and Bantustans
    5. African National Congress, 1912
    6. National Party’s Apartheid, 1948
    7. CCP triumphant in 1949
    8. A turn toward armed struggle in the 1960s
    9. International pressure
    10. 1994 elections
    11. Continued violence
    12. Nelson Mandela

  III. Experiments with Freedom
  A. Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy
    1. Democracy in India but not so much elsewhere
    2. Economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
    3. Army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
    4. Leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
    5. Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
    6. Transitions to democracy from the 1980s on
  B. Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
    1. Overcoming poverty
    2. Obstacles for the Global South
    3. Disagreements in the field of “development economics”
    4. Role of the state
    5. Participation in the world market
    6. Very uneven results in the Global South
  C. Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
    1. Cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
    2. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Modern, secular, and nationalist
    3. Politics of Islam, dress, and gender
    4. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s secular modernization
    5. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini’s Islamic republic
    6. Cultural revolution in favor of tradition

  IV. Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream
  A. Historians don’t like unfinished stories
  B. Discomfort with the future
  C. Shared human ignorance