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Introduction
Sleep improves memory consolidation, but little research has been conducted on the role of sleep
in helping children learn different types of words. Much of the past research has focused on how
sleep improves the learning of nouns, but few studies have investigated how sleep improves
children’s learning of verbs, which tend to be more complex.
Participants
The participants consisted of 42 two-year-olds. All children were developing typically and only
spoke English.
Method
Two-year-olds were presented with new verbs, and researchers tested their knowledge of the
words immediately after presentation. Then, some children were randomly assigned to stay awake
for 4 hours, while other children were randomly assigned to take a 4-hour nap. After this 4-hour
period, the children’s memory of the verbs was retested.
Results and Discussion
The children who had napped demonstrated greater retention of the verbs than the children
who stayed awake. This study allowed research to conclude that sleep directly affects children’s
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.
language development.
Information from: He, A. X., Huang, S., Waxman, S., & Arunachalam, S. (2020). Two-year-olds consolidate verb
meanings during a nap. Cognition, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104205
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.

D-2 Appendix D Evidence-Based Questions and Article Analysis Questions

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D-2 Appendix D Evidence-Based Questions and Article Analysis Questions

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