Exploring American Histories, Value Edition, Volume 1
A Brief Survey with SourcesFourth Edition ©2022
A diversity of people and perspectives integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories brings a variety of perspectives to life. This two-color Value Edition includes the unabridged narrative and all maps and select images from the comprehensive text. ...
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A diversity of people and perspectives integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories brings a variety of perspectives to life. This two-color Value Edition includes the unabridged narrative and all maps and select images from the comprehensive text.
Exploring American Histories is available in Achieve, Macmillan’s breakthrough complete course platform, and in print volumes. Achieve for Exploring American Histories provides access to the narrative as well as a wealth of primary sources along with formative and summative assessments and robust insight reports at the ready, all in one accessible product. Achieve offers the easiest way to engage students, help them build historical thinking skills, and tailor teaching to student needs, whether the course is taught online or in person. Achieve can be adopted on its own or in a package with the print book.
“Exploring American Histories strikes the most effective balance between accessible narrative overview and in-depth primary and secondary source analysis that engages with diverse perspectives and nuanced interpretative framing of major patterns of historical cause and effect and change over time, all with built-in scaffolding to encourage and enhance student comprehension and engagement, but without becoming overbearing in frequency or overwhelming in scope.”
-- Trey Welborn, Georgia College & State University“History education in both higher and secondary education is undergoing a considerable paradigm shift away from an exclusive and problematic focus on coverage toward the integration of historical content and historical thinking skills. Exploring American Histories is the strongest textbook available in terms of exposing students to this exciting, integrative approach to studying the past.”
-- Richard Hughes, Illinois State University“Exploring American Histories offers primary source document projects with each of the chapters, thus enabling students to critically analyze materials from the period under consideration. This is the biggest strength of this book. I also find the narrative flows very well and students enjoy the bold key terms to help study for quizzes/exams. The prevalence of primary source documents in the text distinguishes it from others, as most other textbooks require you purchase an additional primary source reader. This is an appealing and useful distinction, especially when textbook costs can be prohibitive for many students.”
-- Melissa Franson, SUNY College at New Paltz
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Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the comprehensive text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the comprehensive text and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 1
Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
European Encounters with West Africa
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Europeans Explore the Americas
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas
Conclusion: A Transformed America
Chapter Review
Chapter 2
Colonization and Conflicts, 1580–1680
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Powhatan and Anne Hutchinson
Religious, Economic, and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
Anglo-American Ideals, 2001
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 3
Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680–1754
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
France Seeks Land and Control
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Colonies
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 4
Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
Working Families
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review
Chapter 5
War and Empire, 1754–1774
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Washington and Pontiac
Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
The Townshend Act
The Boston Massacre
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 6
The American Revolution, 1775–1783
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Thomas Paine and Elizabeth Freeman
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Declaring Independence
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
Fighting for Independence, 1776–1777
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Indian and Patriots Battle for Land
Conflicts Escalate on the Frontier
Winning the War and the Peace, 1778–1783
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review
Chapter 7
Forging a New Nation, 1783–1800
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Financial, Frontier, and Foreign Problems
Continental Officers Threaten Confederation
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Women Seek Wider Roles
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Disease and Dissent
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review
Chapter 8
The Early Republic, 1790–1820
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
The Dilemmas of National Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Religious Renewal
The Racial Limits of "American" Culture
A New Capital for a New Nation
Extending Federal Power
A New Administration Faces Challenges
The Louisiana Territory and Indian Societies
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
Partisanship, 2012
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking America’s Economic Character
Native Lands and American Migrations
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Domestic Production
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Identities and New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 9
Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
War with Britain and their Indian Allies
National Expansion and Regional Economies
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
The Expansion and Limits of American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
Racist Restrictions and Racial Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Politics in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 10
Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Kirby Post
The Market Revolution
Creating an Urban Landscape
The Lure of Urban Life
Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen’s Responses
The Panic of 1837
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Visions of Faith and Reform
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Problem of Poverty
The Temperance Movement
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review
Chapter 11
Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
José Antonio Menchaca and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Slave Society and Culture
Enslaved Labor Fuels the Economy
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
The Battle for Texas
Indians Resist Removal
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Win the White House
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review
Chapter 12
Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842–1861
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession
Cortina’s War and John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
From Secession to War
Conclusion: A Nation Divided
Chapter Review
Chapter 13
Civil War, 1861–1865
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation at War, 1861-1862
Both Sides Prepare for War
Wartime Roles of African Americans, Indians, and Mexican Americans
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
The Northern Economy Expands
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles of a Hard War
The War Comes to an End
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
Authors
Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
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