Speak Up!

An Illustrated Guide to Public SpeakingThird Edition ©2014 Douglas M. Fraleigh; Joseph S. Tuman

An introduction to public speaking that’s smart, compelling, fun, and affordable, Speak Up offers great writing and examples, strong coverage of course topics, practical guidelines for creating effective presentations, and hundreds of custom-drawn illustrations that bring speech co...

Home Features New to This Edition Reviews

A speech text that’s comprehensive, fun—and really affordable

This new edition adapts Speak Up to the emerging world of virtual meetings, vlogs, digital platforms, and e-learning with new coverage throughout that helps students develop and deliver presentations online. Speak Up takes advantage of the media by integrating speech video and assessment right into the book, modeling techniques and helping students apply their knowledge to their own speeches. Access is automatic and includes more than 200 video clips, the largest library available. Even better, students get all of this at less than half the price of competing texts. See what's in the LaunchPad

Features

Traditionally organized and comprehensive yet briefer than the competition. Speak Up offers a traditional table of contents and broad coverage of all topics typically covered in the introductory course yet it is still about 30% briefer than traditional texts. It gives practical, accessible guidance for every step in the speechmaking process—from invention and organization to practice and delivery—and consistently focuses on helping students adapt their messages to particular audiences, especially in our digital age.

Compelling writing and examples. Instructor and student reviewers consistently praise Speak Up's engaging writing style and numerous real-world examples ripped from the headlines and derived from the authors' own experience. Each chapter opens with an absorbing vignette focusing on key concepts, while examples throughout show situations from the classroom, workplace, community, and public sphere. Specifics in this edition include media coverage of the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, the growing career field of emergency management, TED speakers explaining cutting-edge topics like "fabric farming," and many more.

500+ illustrations that bring concepts to life. While other books mainly offer stock photos of people at podia, the illustrations in Speak Up are custom designed to exemplify virtually every key concept in the text. The illustrations are pedagogically superior to traditional photos, acting as visual metaphors that help clarify complex concepts that often elude students and serving as powerful study aids for review and retention.

A book that students can afford. Speak Up's manageable, engaging chapters and compelling visuals are paired with an affordable price that's less than half the amount of traditional speech texts

New to This Edition

A text for the digital age. In the emerging world of virtual meetings, vlogs, digital platforms, and e-learning, students require guidance to succeed in school, on the job, and in the community. Speak Up gives them what they need.

A new chapter on online presentations delivers practical guidance on the techniques and tools that will help students excel in mediated speaking, whether for online classes, virtual meetings, recorded presentations, or other contexts.
Integrated video resources. The new edition merges and converges print with the power of the Web. Each chapter includes online video clips and accompanying, assignable discussion questions. Access is included with every new copy of the book.

Digital choices for every course need. Speak Up is available in a variety of e-book formats, for use on computers, tablets, and other devices. New SpeechClass for Speak Up puts our online resources for public speaking in one easy-to-use space, including the e-book, hundreds of speech clips and full sample speeches, video uploading and annotating tools, rubrics, and more. Visit yourspeechclass.com.

Updated art program. Tested in hundreds of classrooms, the art program has been honed to continue to make it as effective as possible. Beloved by instructors and students, the 500+ illustrations are pedagogical tools that visually explain concepts in ways that photos cannot.

More on important topics that are often given short shrift in competing texts: expanded discussions on listening from the speaker's perspective and situational audience analysis, helpful new guidelines for using presentation software, and more on establishing common ground.

Expanded range of annotated sample speeches. 8 full-text sample speeches include new presentations.

Updated examples focus on cutting-edge issues: public health responses to the flu pandemic, jobs and the economy, and social networking. Freshened popular culture examples include Lance Armstrong’s Oprah admission, organic food labeling, and Stephen Colbert.

"I have taught public speaking courses for 15 years, and I have used all types of textbooks… I have used large traditional texts, spiral-bound texts, and everything in between. I selected the Speak Up text this semester because I feel as if it speaks most to students at a student level. I feel as if the text is contemporary, up to date, and provides students with a writing style that—if they take the time to read —is appealing to them and easy to understand."
—Chandra K Massner, University of Pikeville
"I believe that the tandem illustrations are what makes this book easy for students to grasp the concepts put forth!! I find the humor very appealing, and do not find anything least appealing…I think the illustrations drive home the points made in the text. I frequently use the illustrations to invoke conversation in the class."
—Scott Haywood, Northern Oklahoma College

Speak Up!

Douglas M. Fraleigh; Joseph S. Tuman

Speak Up!

Third Edition 2014

Douglas M. Fraleigh; Joseph S. Tuman

THE BASICS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

1 INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING

[Image] "Julius Caesar.”

What Is Public Speaking?
Why Study Public Speaking?
      Using Public Speaking as a Student
      Using Public Speaking in Your Career
            [Video] Activity 1.1: “Gehrig, Farewell Address”
      Using Public Speaking in Your Community
Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
            [Video] Activity 1.2: “Kennedy, I am a Berliner”
Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
      From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
      New Technologies, New Channels
      Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
            [Video] Activity 1.3: “Lama, Spirituality in Today’s World”
      Emphasis on Critical Thinking
      A Focus on Free and Ethical Communication
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 1.4: “Churchill, St. James Palace Speech”
            [Video] Activity 1.5: “Bush, September 2001 Address to Congress”

2 DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH

[Image] “Get the Butterflies Flying in Formation.”

Why Prepare?
The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech
      Analyze Your Audience
      Select Your Topic
      Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
      Create a Thesis Statement
      Determine Your Main Points
            [Video] Activity 2.1: “Previews, Transitions, and Summaries”
      Develop Supporting Materials
      Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
      Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
      Incorporate Transitions
      Consider Your Word Choice
      Consider Presentation Aids
      Practice Your Speech
            [Video] Activity 2.2: “Mandela, Acceptance of Congressional Gold Medal”
      Deliver Your Speech
            [Video] Activity 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
      Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
      Take Care of Yourself
      Visualize Success
      Use Relaxation Techniques
      Volunteer to Speak First
      Never Defeat Yourself
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 2.4: “How to Purchase a Guitar”

3 SPEECH ETHICS

[Image] "Ethical Signposts.”

Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
Legal Speech, Ethical Speech
Communicating Truthfully
      Lying
      Half-Truths
      False Inference
Acknowledging the Work of Others
            [Video] Activity 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
      Quoting from a Source
            [Video] Activity 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea”
      Paraphrasing the Work of Others
      Common Knowledge
Using Sound Reasoning
Being an Ethical Listener
      Show Courtesy
      Demonstrate an Open Mind
      Hold the Speaker Accountable
Chapter Review

4 LISTENING SKILLS

[Image] “Oh I Get It Now. All I Need To Do Is Listen.”

The Listening Process
      Listening vs. Hearing
      Processing What You’ve Heard
      Retaining What You’ve Processed
      Listening Styles
The Culprits Behind Poor Listening
      Unprocessed Note Taking
      Nonlistening
      Interruptive Listening
      Agenda-Driven Listening
      Argumentative Listening
      Nervous Listening
Becoming a Better Listener
      Filter Out Distractions
      Focus on the Speaker
      Show That You Are Listening
Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
      Anticipate Ineffective Listening Before Your Speech
      Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
Listening When You Are in the Audience
Chapter Review

PREPARATION FUNDAMENTALS

5 AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

[Image] “Group of Diverse Audience Members.”

Understanding Situational Characteristics
      Size
      Time
      Location
      Mobility
Incorporating Demographics
      Age
            [Video] Activity 5.1: “Poplin, The Importance of Community Service and Civic Engagement”
      Gender Composition
            [Video] Activity 5.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown Over Time”
      Sexual Orientation
      Race and Ethnicity
      Religious Orientation
      Socioeconomic Background
      Political Affiliation
      Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
Seeking Common Ground
            [Video] Activity 5.3: “Churchill, St. James Palace Speech”
Identifying Prior Exposure
Identifying Audience Disposition
Gathering Information about Your Audience
      Surveying Your Audience
      Interviewing Your Audience
      Considering and Observing Your Audience
      Situational Audience Analysis
Chapter Review

6 SELECTING YOUR TOPIC

[Image] “Word Association Sample Ending In Identity Theft.”

Developing a Set of Potential Topics
      Research
      Brainstorming
      Word Association
      Mind Mapping
Selecting the Best Topic
      Consider the Assignment
      Consider Your Audience
      Consider Your Own Knowledge and Interests
            [Video] Activity 6.1: “Moise, Humanity 4 Haitian Development”
      Consider the Speech Context
      Choose a Topic and Stick to It
Refining Your Topic
      Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
      Narrow Your Topic
            [Video] Activity 6.2: “Overused Topic”
Drafting Your Specific Purpose Statement
Drafting Your Thesis Statement
            [Video] Activity 6.3
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 6.4: “Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement”

7 RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH

[Image] “Man Researching on Laptop.”

Why Research?
            [Video] Activity 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
Creating a Research Plan
      Inventory Your Research Needs
      Find the Sources You Need
      Keep Track of Your Sources
Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
      Expertise
      Objectivity
      Observational Capacity
      Recency
            [Video] Activity 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
Conducting Library Research
      Books
      Periodicals
      Newspapers
      Reference Works
      Government Documents
Using the Internet
      Benefits of Internet Research
      Disadvantages of Internet Research
      Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
      Credibility of Social Media
      Searching the World Wide Web
Interviewing Sources
      Prepare for Your Interview
      Set Up Your Interview
      Plan Your Interview Questions
      Conduct the Interview
      Evaluate Your Notes
Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches
            [Video] Activity 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics)”
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 7.4: “John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer”

8 USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH

[Image] “Strengthening Audience Memory."

Why Use Supporting Materials?
      Building Audience Interest
      Enhancing Audience Understanding
      Strengthening Audience Memory
      Winning Audience Agreement
      Evoking Audience Emotion
Types of Supporting Materials
      Examples
      Definitions
      Testimony
            [Video] Activity 8.1: “Royzspal, Litter”
Statistics
            [Video] Activity 8.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Facts)”
      Narratives
      Analogies
Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
      Choose the Most Credible Proof
      Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
      Appeal to Different Learning Styles
      Avoid Long Lists
      Consider Your Audience
            [Video] Activity 8.3: “Examples (Humorous)”
      Respect the Available Time
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 8.4: “Kim, The Nonmonetary Uses of Gold”

ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING

9 ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH

[Image] “Speaker At Podium.”

Selecting Your Main Points
      Consider Your Purpose
      Take Your Audience into Account
      Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
Organizing Your Supporting Materials
      Subordination and Coordination
            [Video] Activity 9.1: “Overholser, What is Good Journalism?”
      When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
Arranging Your Main Points
      Spatial Pattern
      Chronological Pattern
      Causal Pattern
      Comparison Pattern
      Categorical Pattern
            [Video] Activity 9.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown Over Time”
      Persuasive Speech Pattern
Using Organizing Words and Sentences
      Transitions
            [Video] Activity 9.3: “Patterns of Arrangement (Causal)”
      Signposts
      Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 9.4: “List, Gender-based Responses in Sports Chatrooms”

10 INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

[Image] “Introduction Worm on Hook.”

[Image] “Conclusion Fish.”

Introducing Your Speech
      Gain Your Audience’s Attention
            [Video] Activity 10.1: “Anecdote (Personal) in an Informative Introduction”
      Signal Your Thesis
      Show Your Audience “What’s in It for Them”
      Establish Your Credibility
      Preview Your Main Points
            [Video] Activity 10.2: “Attention Getter, Support, Creative Preview”
Concluding Your Speech
     Transition to Your Conclusion
      Summarize Your Main Points
      Finish with a Memorable Clincher
            [Video] Activity 10.3: “Clincher: Evokes response”
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 10.4

11 OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

[Image] “Notes With Delivery Cues.”

Two Stages of Outlining
      The Working Outline
      The Speaking Outline
Creating Your Working Outline
      Outlining the Body of Your Speech
            [Video] Activity 11.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
      Outlining Your Introduction
      Outlining Your Conclusion
            [Video] Activity 11.2: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”
      Creating a Works Cited List
      Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
A Sample Working Outline
Creating Your Speaking Outline
      Formatting Your Speaking Outline
      Elements of Your Speaking Outline
            [Video] Activity 11.3: “Rate: Too Fast”
A Sample Speaking Outline
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 11.4: “Hutchison, Freedom and Success”

LANGUAGE AND DELIVERY

12 LANGUAGE AND STYLE

[Image] "ASL Language.”

The Importance of Language and Word Choice
Differences between Oral and Written Language
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
      Denotative Meaning
      Connotative Meaning
Presenting Your Message Clearly
      Understandable Language
      Concrete Words
      Proper Use of Words
      Concise Language
Expressing Your Ideas Effectively
      Repetition
      Hypothetical Examples
      Personal Anecdotes
      Vivid Language
            [Video] Activity 12.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
      Figurative Language
            [Video] Activity 12.2: “Figures of Speech: Simile”
            [Video] Activity 12.3: “Figures of Speech: Metaphor”
Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language
      Avoid Stereotypes
      Use Gender-Neutral References
      Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
      Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
      A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
Chapter Review

13 DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH

[Image] "Awkward Delivery Company.”
[Image] “A+ Delivery Company.”

Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
      Reading from a Manuscript
      Memorizing from a Manuscript
      Speaking from an Outline
      Impromptu Speaking
Using Vocal Delivery Skills
      Volume
      Tone
      Rate of Delivery
           [Video] Activity 13.1: “Rate Too Fast”
      Projection
      Articulation
      Pronunciation
      Pausing
Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
      Eye Contact
      Gestures
            [Video] Activity 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted”
      Physical Movement
      Proxemics
      Personal Appearance
Chapter Review

14 USING PRESENTATION AIDS

[Image] “And that, Ladies and Gentlemen…”

Why Use Presentation Aids?
Types of Presentation Aids
      The Speaker
      Assistants
      Objects
      Visual Images
      Graphs
      Lists, Tables, and Other Text-Based Visuals
      Audio and Video
Using Technology Wisely
      Using Presentation Software
      Using Other Technology
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
      Consider the Forum
      Consider Your Audience
      Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
      Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
      Rehearsing with Your Presentation Aids
            [Video] Activity 14.1: “Presentation Software: Checking Beforehand”
Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech
      Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
      Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
      Maintain Eye Contact
            [Video] Activity 14.2: “Presentation Software”
      Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
Chapter Review

TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

15 MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING

[Image] “Types of Cameras.”

The Rise of Mediated Communication
      The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
      Real-Time and Pre-recorded Presentations
Advantages to Mediated Presentations
      General Advantages
      Advantages of Pre-recorded Speeches
      Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
            [Video] Activity 15.1: “Reagan, Moscow State University Address”
Challenges of Mediated Presentations
      Loss of Naturalness
      Loss of Immediacy
      Decreased Nonverbal Communication
      Diminished Feedback
      Difficulty Managing Distractions
      Technological Difficulties
Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
      Delivery Considerations
      Message Adaptations
      Practice Delivering and Recording
Recording Your Classroom Speech
      Camera
      Setting and Background
            [Video] Activity 15.2: “Attention Getter”
Your Attire
Camera Positioning
            [Video Icon] Activity 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring”
Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
      Make Sure Your Technology Works
      Select a Robust Internet Connection
      Use Group Chat/Video and Screen Share
      Create Opportunities for Audience Interaction
      Solicit Feedback through an Alternative Medium
Chapter Review
            [Video Icon] Activity 15.4: “Gentz, My Hero Marilyn Hamilton”

16 INFORMATIVE SPEAKING

[Image] “Explanation of a Hybrid Engine.”

Techniques for Informing
      Definition
      Explanation
      Description
      Demonstration
            [Video] Activity 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”
      Narrative
            [Video] Activity 16.2: “Conveying information: Narrative”
Types of Informative Speeches
      Objects
      Individuals or Groups
      Events
      Processes
            [Video] Activity 16.3: “Conveying information: Description”
      Ideas
Developing Your Informative Speech
      Analyzing Your Audience
      Selecting a Technique
      Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
      Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message
Sample Informative Speech: Rachel Parish, Spider Silk: A Miracle Derived from…Goats?
Chapter Review

17 PERSUASIVE SPEAKING

[Image] “Go on, Judge for Yourself.”

The Nature of a Persuasive Speech
      Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
      Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
            [Video] Activity 17.1
The Nature of Persuasion
      Two Paths to Persuasion
      The Importance of Central Route Processing
      Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to Your Audience
      Adapting to Audience Disposition
      Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs
      Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values
      Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
      Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations
      Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
Ethical Persuasion
      Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
      Research Your Facts
      Note Any Biases
      Attribute Your Research Properly
Organizing Your Persuasive Speech
      Organizing Fact Claims
      Organizing Value Claims
      Organizing Policy Claims
            [Video] Activity 17.2: “Patterns of Arrangement: Monroe’s Motivated Sequence.”
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 17.3: “Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without”

18 METHODS OF PERSUASION

[Image] “Einstein.”

Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker
      Understanding the Elements of Credibility
      Building Your Credibility
      Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message
      Using Evidence
      Using Reasoning
            [Video] Activity 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive”
Avoiding Logical Fallacies
            [Video] Activity 18.2: “Fallacy Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy or World War III”
Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions
      Using Emotional Appeals
            [Video] Activity 18.3: “Claims: Fact, Appeal to Emotion + Credibility”
      Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
Sample Persuasive Speech: Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without
Chapter Review
            [Video] Activity 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”

19 SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING

[Image] “Wedding Toast.”

Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
General Guidelines for Special Occasions
      Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions
            [Video] Activity 19.1: “Carter, Eulogy of Gerald Ford”
      Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
      Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations
      Evoking Shared Values
            [Video] Activity 19.2: “Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement”
      Respecting Time Constraints
Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech
      Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
      Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
      Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
      Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
      Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
      Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
Sample Special-Occasion Speech
      Viola Davis, 2012 Providence College Commencement Address
Chapter Review

20 GROUP COMMUNICATION

[Image] “Panel Discussion.”

Effective Group Leadership
      Selecting a Leader
      Leading Meetings
      Managing Conflict
Effective Group Membership
      Three Types of Member Roles
      Tips for Participating in a Small Group
Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process
      Define the Problem
      Analyze the Problem
      Establish Criteria for Solutions
      Generate Possible Solutions
      Select the Best Solution
Delivering Group Presentations
      Symposium
      Panel Discussion
      Single Group Representative
Chapter Review

APPENDIX: Additional Sample Speeches

Sample Informative Speech
Elvira Anguiano, Precision-Guided Tumor Killers

Sample Persuasive Speech
David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate

Sample Persuasive Speech
Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls

Sample Special-Occasion Speeches
Governor Jennifer Granholm, Remarks at the Funeral of Civil Rights Leader Rosa Parks
William Faulkner, Speech to Accept the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature

Notes

Glossary

Index

Speak Up!

Third Edition 2014

Douglas M. Fraleigh; Joseph S. Tuman

Find Your Rep

Douglas M. Fraleigh

Douglas M. Fraleigh is a professor and chair of the Department of Communication at California State University, Fresno and he serves on the faculty of the university's Smittcamp Family Honors College. He has taught public speaking courses throughout his career and also coached intercollegiate speech and debate at CSU Fresno, UC Berkeley, Cornell, and CSU Sacramento. His research interests include freedom of speech, argumentation, and legal communication.

Joseph S. Tuman

Joseph S. Tuman is a professor and chair of the Department of Communication Studies at San Francisco State University, where he has received the Jacobus tenBroek Society Award for Excellence in Teaching. Dr. Tuman has taught at the University of California at Berkeley, the New School, and University of Paris II, and has published widely in the field of communication studies. He appears regularly on television news programs as a political commentator.