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Table of Contents

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.　
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-17.　
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.

NOTE: Achieve for The Making of the West 7e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, study and writing skills tutorials, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.

Contents

Preface: Why This Book This Way 

Versions and Supplements 

Brief Contents 

Maps, Figures, and Special Features 

Authors’ Note: The b.c.e./c.e. Dating System 

World Map

Chapter 1

Early Western Civilization, 400,000–1000 b.c.e.

From the Stone Age to Near Eastern Civilization, 400,000–1000 b.c.e. 　 b.c.e. 

Life and Change in the Stone Age  ■ The Emergence of Cities in the Near East, 4　 –2350 b.c.e. ■ Metals and Empire Making: The Akkadians and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350–c. 2 　 b.c.e.  ■ The Achievements of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Canaanites, 2　 –1 　 b.c.e. 

Egypt, the First Unified Nation, 3050–1000 b.c.e.

From the Unification of Egypt to the Old Kingdom, 3050–2190 b.c.e. ■ The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, 2061–1081 b.c.e. 

The Hittites, the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans, 2200–1000 　 b.c.e. 

The Hittites, 1750–1200 b.c.e.  ■ The Minoans, 2200–1400 b.c.e. ■ The Mycenaeans, 1800–1 　 b.c.e.  ■ The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200–1 　 b.c.e. 

Conclusion 

Chapter 1 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: Hammurabi’s Laws for Physicians 

Contrasting Views: The Gains and the Losses of Life in Civilization versus Life in Nature 

Terms of History: Civilization 

Environment Matters: The Nile River　

Chapter 2

Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000–500 b.c.e. 

From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000–500 b.c.e. 

The New Empire of Assyria, 900–600 b.c.e. ■ The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 600–539 b.c.e. ■ The Persian Empire, 557–500 b.c.e. ■ The Israelites, Origins to 539 b.c.e. 

The Reemergence of Greek Civilization, 1000–750 b.c.e. 

The Greek Dark Age ■ The Values of the Olympic Games ■ Homer, Hesiod, and Divine Justice in Greek Myth 

The Creation of the Greek City-State, 750–500 b.c.e. 

The Physical Environment of the Greek City-State ■ Trade and "Colonization," 800–580 b.c.e. ■ Citizenship and Freedom in the Greek City-State 

New Directions for the Greek City-State, 750–500 b.c.e. 

Oligarchy in the City-State of Sparta, 700–500 b.c.e. ■ Tyranny in the City-State of Corinth, 657–585 b.c.e.  ■ Democracy in the City-State of Athens, 700–500 b.c.e. ■ New Ways of Thought and Expression in Greece, 630–500 b.c.e. 

Conclusion 

Chapter 2 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: Zaleucus’s Law Code for a Greek City-State in Seventh-Century b.c.e. Italy 

Contrasting Views: Persians Debate the Best Form of Government

Terms of History: The State 

Environment Matters: Calydonian Boar Hunt　

Chapter 3

The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 b.c.e. 

Wars between Persia and Greece, 499–479 b.c.e. 

From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499–490 b.c.e.  ■ The Great Persian Invasion, 480–479 b.c.e. 

Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478–431 b.c.e. 

The Establishment of the Athenian Empire ■ Radical Democracy and Pericles’ Leadership, 461–431 b.c.e.  ■ The Urban Landscape in Athens 

Tradition and Innovation in Athens’s Golden Age

Religious Tradition in a Period of Change  ■ Women, Slaves, and Metics  ■ Innovative Ideas in Education and Philosophy　 ■ Transformations in Sculpture, History, and Medicine  ■ The Development of Public Drama: Tragedy and Comedy

The End of Athens’s Golden Age, 431–403 b.c.e. 

The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 b.c.e.  ■ Athens Defeated: Tyranny and Civil War, 404–403 b.c.e. 

Conclusion

Chapter 3 Review

Primary Source Analysis: How to Argue Both Sides of a Case

Contrasting Views: The Nature of Women and Marriage

Terms of History: Democracy

Environment Matters: Triremes and Deforestation

Chapter 4

From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 b.c.e. 

Classical Greece after the Peloponnesian War, 400–350 b.c.e. 

Athens’s Recovery after the Peloponnesian War ■ The Execution of Socrates, 399 b.c.e. ■ The Philosophy of Plato ■ Aristotle, Scientist and Philosopher ■ Greek Political Disunity

The Rise of Macedonia, 359–323 b.c.e. 　

Macedonian Power and Philip II, 359–336 b.c.e. ■ The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336–323 b.c.e.

The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323–30 b.c.e. 　

Creating New Kingdoms ■ The Layers of Hellenistic Society ■ The End of the Hellenistic Kingdoms

Hellenistic Culture

The Arts and Sciences under Royal Support  ■ Philosophy for a New Age  ■ Scientific Innovation ■ Cultural and Religious Transformations

Conclusion 

Chapter 4 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: Epigrams on Love and Sex by Women Poets

Contrasting Views: Roman Attitudes toward Cleopatra VII, the Last Hellenistic Queen

Terms of History: Hellenistic

Environment Matters: A Theater in a Hill

Chapter 5

The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753–44 b.c.e.

Roman Social and Religious Traditions 

Roman Moral Values ■ The Patron-Client System ■ The Roman Family ■ Education for Public Life  ■ Public and Private Religion

From Monarchy to Republic

Roman Society under the Kings, 753–509 b.c.e. ■ The Early Roman Republic, 509–287 b.c.e. 

Roman Imperialism and Its Consequences

Expansion in Italy, 500–220 b.c.e.  ■ Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264–121 b.c.e. ■ Greek Influence on Roman Literature and the Arts  ■ Stresses on Society from Imperialism

Civil War and the Destruction of the Republic 

The Gracchus Brothers and Violence in Politics, 133–121 b.c.e. ■ Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107–100 b.c.e.  ■ Sulla and Civil War, 91–78 b.c.e. ■ Julius Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic, 83–44 b.c.e. 

Conclusion 

Chapter 5 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: The Rape and Suicide of Lucretia 

Contrasting Views: What Was Julius Caesar Like? 　

Terms of History: Republic 

Environment Matters: Roman Sewers

Chapter 6

The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 b.c.e.–284 c.e. 　

From Republic to Empire, 44 b.c.e.–14 c.e. 

Civil War, 44–27 b.c.e. ■ The Creation of the Principate, 27 b.c.e.–14 c.e. ■ Daily Life in the Rome of Augustus ■ Changes in Education, Literature, and Art in Augustus’s Rome

Politics and Society in the Early Roman Empire

The Perpetuation of the Principate after Augustus, 14–180 c.e. ■ Life in the Roman Golden Age, 96–180 c.e. 　

The Emergence of Christianity in the Early Roman Empire 

Jesus and His Teachings ■ Growth of a New Religion ■ Competing Religious Beliefs

From Stability to Crisis in the Third Century c.e. 

Threats to the Northern and Eastern Frontiers of the Early Roman Empire  ■ Uncontrolled Spending, Natural Disasters, and Political Crisis, 193–284 c.e. 

Conclusion 

Chapter 6 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: A Roman Stoic Philosopher on the Capabilities of Women 

Contrasting Views: Christians in the Empire: Conspirators or Faithful Subjects? 　

Terms of History: Empire 

Environment Matters: Army Hospital at Novae

Chapter 7

The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284–600 c.e. 　

From Principate to Dominate in the Late Roman Empire, 284–395 

The Political Transformation and Division of the Roman Empire ■ The Social Consequences of Financial Pressures  ■ From the Great Persecution to Religious Freedom 

The Official Christianization of the Empire, 312–c. 540

Polytheism and Christianity in Competition ■ The Struggle for Clarification in Christian Belief  ■ The Emergence of Christian Monks

Non-Roman Kingdoms in the Western Roman Empire, c. 370–550s

Non-Roman Migrations into the Western Roman Empire ■ Social and Cultural Transformation in the Western Roman Empire

The Roman Empire in the East, c. 500–565

Imperial Society in the Eastern Roman Empire ■ The Reign of Emperor Justinian, 527–565 ■ The Preservation of Classical Traditions in the Late Roman Empire

Conclusion 

Chapter 7 Review 

Primary Source Analysis: The Edict of Milan on Religious Freedom 

Contrasting Views: Debate: Did Romans or Huns Better Protect Life, Law, and Freedom? 

Terms of History: Barbarian 

Environment Matters: The Justinianic Plague

Chapter 8

The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600–750 

Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire 

Nomads and City Dwellers ■ The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam ■ Growth of Islam, c. 610–632 ■ The Caliphs, Muhammad’s Successors, 632–750  ■ Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands

Byzantium Besieged

Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570–750  ■ From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life ■ New Military and Cultural Forms ■ Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm

Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms

Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots  ■ Economic Activity in a Peasant Society ■ The Powerful in Merovingian Society   ■ Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles   ■ Unity in Spain, Division in Italy ■ Political Tensions and the Power of the Pope 

Conclusion 　

Chapter 8 Review 　

Primary Source Analysis: Praising a Merovingian Queen 　

Contrasting Views: Icons: Idols or Aids to Worship? 　

Terms of History: Medieval 　

Environment Matters: Scratch Plow　

Chapter 9

From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750–1050 　

The Byzantine Emperor and Local Elites 　　

Imperial Power 　  ■ The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870–c. 1025 　  ■ The Dynatoi: A New Landowning Elite 　   ■ The Formation of Eastern Europe and Kievan Rus 　　

The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate 　　

The Abbasid Caliphate, 750–936 　   ■ Regional Diversity in Islamic Lands 　   ■ Unity of Commerce and Language 　   ■ The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790–c. 1050 　　

The Carolingian Empire 　　

The Rise of the Carolingians 　   ■ Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768–814 　  ■ The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790–c. 900 　   ■ Charlemagne’s Successors, 814–911 　   ■ Land and Power 　  ■ Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions, c. 790–955 　　

After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule 　　

Public Power and Private Relationships 　   ■ Warriors and Warfare 　  ■ Efforts to Contain Violence 　  ■ Political Communities in Italy, England, and France 　  ■ Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 9 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi Celebrates a Military Campaign in Verse 　　

Contrasting Views: Charlemagne: Roman Emperor, Father of Europe, or the Chief Bishop? 　　　

Terms of History: Feudalism 　　

Environment Matters: Digging Ditches　

Chapter 10

Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050–1150 　　

The Commercial Revolution 　　

Fairs, Towns, and Cities 　  ■ Organizing Crafts and Commerce 　  ■ Communes: Self-Government for the Towns 　  ■ The Commercial Revolution in the Countryside 　　

Church Reform 　　

Beginnings of Reform 　  ■ The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1075–1122 　  ■ The Sweep of Reform 　  ■ New Monastic Orders of Poverty 　　

The Crusades 　　

Calling the Crusade 　  ■ The First Crusade 　  ■ The Crusader States 　   ■ The Disastrous Second Crusade 　   ■ The Long-Term Impact of the Crusades 　　

The Revival of Monarchies 　　

Reconstructing the Empire at Byzantium 　  ■ England under Norman Rule 　  ■ Praising the King of France 　  ■ Surviving as Emperor 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 10 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: The First Crusade from the Muslim Point of View 　　

Contrasting Views: Henry IV 　　

Terms of History: The Commercial Revolution 　　

Environment Matters: Medieval Tanneries

Chapter 11

The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215 　　

New Schools and Churches 　　

The New Learning and the Rise of the University 　  ■ Architectural Style: From Romanesque to Gothic 　　

Governments as Institutions 　　

England: Unity through Common Law 　   ■ France: Consolidation and Conquest 　   ■ Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick Barbarossa 　  ■ Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting Realms 　　

The Growth of a Vernacular High Culture 　　

The Troubadours: Poets of Love and Play 　  ■ The Birth of Epic and Romance Literature 　　

Religious Fervor and Crusade 　　

New Religious Orders in the Cities 　   ■ Disastrous Crusades to the Holy Land 　  ■ Victorious Crusades in Europe and on Its Frontiers 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 11 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Two Letters from Two Lovers 　　

Contrasting Views: Magna Carta 　　

Terms of History: Gothic 　　

Environment Matters: Medieval Roads

Chapter 12

The Medieval Synthesis — and Its Cracks, 1215–1340 　　

The Church’s Mission 　　

Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 　  ■ Inquisition 　  ■ Lay Piety 　  ■ Jews as Outcasts 　　

Reconciling This World and the Next 　　

The Achievements and Failures of Scholasticism 　  ■ New Syntheses in Writing and Music 　  ■ Gothic Art 　　

The Politics of Control 　　

The Weakening of the Empire 　   ■ Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship 　  ■ The Birth of Representative Institutions 　  ■ The Weakening of the Papacy 　  ■ The Rise of the Signori 　  ■ The Mongol Takeover 　  ■ The Great Famine 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 12 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Thomas Aquinas Writes about Sex 　　

Contrasting Views: The Mongols: Instruments of God or Cruel Invaders? 　　　

Terms of History: Inquisition 　　

Environment Matters: The Great Famine as Hell　

Chapter 13

Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492 　　

Crisis: Disease, War, and Schism 　　

The Plague Comes to Europe 　  ■ The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 　  ■ The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 　  ■ The Great Schism, 1378–1417 　　

The Renaissance: New Forms of Thought and Expression 　　

Renaissance Humanism 　  ■ The Arts 　　

Consolidating Power 　　

New Political Formations in Eastern Europe 　  ■ Powerful States in Western Europe 　  ■ Republics 　  ■ The Tools of Power 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 13 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Wat Tyler’s Rebellion (1381) 　　　

Contrasting Views: Joan of Arc: Who Was "the Maid"? 　　　

Terms of History: Renaissance 　　

Environment Matters: Yersinia Pestis

Chapter 14

Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492–1560 　　

The Discovery of New Worlds 　　

Portuguese Explorations 　  ■ The Voyages of Columbus 　  ■ A New Era in Slavery 　  ■ Conquering the New World 　  ■ The Columbian Exchange 　　

The Protestant Reformation 　　

The Invention of Printing 　  ■ Popular Piety and Christian Humanism 　   ■ Martin Luther’s Challenge 　   ■ Protestantism Spreads and Divides 　   ■ The Contested Church of England 　　

Reshaping Society through Religion 　　

Protestant Challenges to the Social Order 　  ■ New Forms of Discipline 　  ■ Catholic Renewal 　　

Striving for Mastery 　　

Courtiers and Princes 　  ■ Dynastic Wars 　  ■ Financing War 　   ■ Divided Realms 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 14 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Columbus Describes His First Voyage (1493) 　　　

Contrasting Views: Martin Luther: Holy Man or Heretic? 　　　

Terms of History: Protestant Reformation 　　

Environment Matters: Smallpox Kills Native Peoples

Chapter 15

Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648 　　

Religious Conflicts Threaten State Power, 1560–1618 　　

French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 　   ■ Dutch Revolt against Spain 　   ■ Elizabeth I’s Defense of English Protestantism 　  ■ The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe 　　

The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 　　

Origins and Course of the War 　   ■ The Effects of Constant Fighting 　   ■ The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 　　

Economic Crisis and Realignment 　　

From Growth to Recession 　   ■ Consequences for Daily Life 　   ■ The Economic Balance of Power 　　

The Rise of Science and a Scientific Worldview 　　

The Scientific Revolution 　  ■ The Natural Laws of Politics 　  ■ The Arts in an Age of Crisis 　  ■ Magic and Witchcraft 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 15 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Sentence Pronounced against Galileo (1633) 　　　

Contrasting Views: Political Authority and Religion: What Happened When Subjects Held Different Beliefs? 　　　

Terms of History: Scientific Revolution 　　

Environment Matters: Dutch Canals　

Chapter 16

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640–1700 　　

Louis XIV: Absolutism and Its Limits 　　

The Fronde, 1648–1653 　  ■ Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism 　   ■ Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy 　   ■ Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad 　　

Constitutionalism in England 　　

England Turned Upside Down, 1642–1660 　   ■ Restoration and Revolution Again 　  

■ Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke 　　

Outposts of Constitutionalism 　　

The Dutch Republic 　  ■ Freedom and Slavery in the New World 　　

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 　　

Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed 　   ■ Brandenburg-Prussia: Militaristic Absolutism 　  ■ An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks 　  ■ Russia: Setting the Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism 　　

The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture 　　

Freedom and Constraint in the Arts and Sciences 　  ■ Women and Manners 　   ■ Reforming Popular Culture 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 16 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Louis XIV, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) 　　

Contrasting Views: The English Civil War 　　

Terms of History: Absolutism 　　

Environment Matters: Great Fire of London, 1666　

Chapter 17

The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700–1750 　　

The Atlantic System and the World Economy 　　

Slavery and the Atlantic System 　   ■ World Trade and Settlement 　   ■ The Birth of Consumer Society 　　

New Social and Cultural Patterns 　　

Agricultural Revolution 　  ■ Social Life in the Cities 　  ■ New Tastes in the Arts 　  ■ Religious Revivals 　　

Consolidation of the European State System 　　

A New Power Alignment 　  ■ British Rise and Dutch Decline 　  ■ Russia’s Emergence as a European Power 　   ■ Continuing Dynastic Struggles 　  ■ The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Population 　　

The Birth of the Enlightenment 　　

Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion 　  ■ Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition 　   ■ Raising the Woman Question 　　

Conclusion 　　

Chapter 17 Review 　　

Primary Source Analysis: Montesquieu, Persian Letters: Letter 37 (1721) 　　　

Contrasting Views: Peter the Great of Russia 　　

Terms of History: Progress 　　

Environment Matters: The Building of St. Petersburg　　　

Glossary of Key Terms  G-1

Acknowledgments  A-1

Index  I-1

About the Authors

Authors

Lynn Hunt

Lynn Hunt (PhD., Stanford University) is Distinguished Research Professor at University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author or editor of several books, including most recently Writing History in the Global Era; The French and Revolution and Napoleon: Crucible of the Modern World and History: Why It Matters.

Thomas R. Martin

Thomas R. Martin (PhD., Harvard University) is Jeremiah O’Connor Professor in Classics at the College of the Holy Cross. He is the author of several books including Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and most recently Pericles: A Biography in Context. He was one of the originators of the Perseus Digital Library (www.perseus.tufts.edu).

Barbara H. Rosenwein

Barbara H. Rosenwein (PhD., University of Chicago) is professor emerita of history at Loyola University Chicago and has been visiting professor at the Universities of Utrecht (Netherlands), Gothenburg (Sweden), and Oxford (Trinity College, England). She is the author or editor of many books, including A Short History of the Middle Ages; with co-author Elina Gertsman, The Middle Ages in 50 Objects; and most recently, Anger: The Conflicted History of an Emotion.

Bonnie G. Smith

Bonnie G. Smith (PhD., University of Rochester) is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is author or editor most recently of Modern Empires: A Reader; Women in World History since 1450; and a new version of Europe in the Contemporary World since 1900, among other works.

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