Scientific American: Nutrition for a Changing World

CHAPTER 1

The Science and Scope of Nutrition

Exploring the Science of Nutrition
A new field in nutrition research is revealing surprising details about how food
affects our genes

Introducing the Science of Nutrition

Food Provides Nutrients and Energy

What Is Malnutrition?

Nutrient Intake Recommendations

Energy Recommendations

Nutrition Science in Action

Credible Sources of Nutrition Information

Health Goals for Americans

Assessing the North American Diet

Chapter 1 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 2

Healthy Diets

From Factory to Fork
Can ultra-processed foods fit into a healthy diet?

Healthy Diets Feature Variety, Balance, Adequacy, and Moderation

Understanding the Nutrient Density and Energy Density of Foo

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Global Nutrition

Understanding the Labeling on Food

Chapter 2 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 3

Digestion

Invisible Allies
Understanding the Vital Role of the Human Microbiome

Overview of the Digestive Process

Gastrointestinal Tract and Accessory Organs

Overview of Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

The Path of Digestion from the Mouth to the Large Intestine

The Role of Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Digestive Disorders

Chapter 3 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 4

Carbohydrates

Whole Grain Hype

Can Science Help Us Navigate the Perils of the Cereal Aisle?

What Are Carbohydrates?

The Digestion of Carbohydrates

Added Sugar

Sugar Alternatives

Understanding Fiber

Carbohydrate Intake Recommendations

Chapter 4 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT A

Nutrition and Diabetes

A Global Pandemic

A Projected 850 Million People in the World Will Be Living with Diabetes by the Year 2050

What Is Diabetes Mellitus?

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Treatment and Prevention

Spotlight A Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 5

The Lipids

Is Fish Really Brain Food?
Dietary Lipids Can Profoundly Affect Our Risk of Developing Dementia Later in Life

Dietary Fat

Overview of the Lipids

Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Lipoprotein Transport

Essential Fatty Acids

Trans Fats

Current Fat Intake and Recommendations

Chapter 5 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT B

Lipids in Health and Disease

Death in Bogalusa
From Tragic Deaths in a Southern Town, Insights into Heart Disease

Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

A Heart-Protective Diet

Fat-Intake and Health—Beyond Cardiovascular Disease

Spotlight B Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 6

Protein

The Protein Craze
Is the Popular Macronutrient the Ticket to a Healthier Life?

Recommendations for Protein Intake

Protein Synthesis

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

Varied Functions of Protein

Protein Turnover and Nitrogen Balance

Older Adults May Benefit from Higher Intakes of Protein

Protein Sources

Protein Quality

Protein Deficiency

High-Protein Diets

Chapter 6 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT C

Plant-Based Diets

Pass the Plants, Please
What Does a Spanish Study Say About the Benefits of Following a Mediterranean-Like Diet?

Vegetarian and Semi-Vegetarian Diets

Benefits of Diet Rich in Plant Foods

How Cancer Develops

Benefits of Phytochemicals

Nutritional Considerations and Concerns Associated with Plant-Based Diets

Plant-Based and Vegetarian Guidelines

Spotlight C Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 7

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Biofortification in Bangladesh
Can a Public Health Crisis Be Solved with Rice?

Introducing the Vitamins

Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D 

Vitamin E

Vitamin K 

Chapter 7 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 8

Water-Soluble Vitamins

It's Not a Germ
Pioneering Research Uncovers Vitamin Deficiency Diseases

Characteristics of the Water-Soluble Vitamins

The B Vitamins

Choline

Vitamin C

Chapter 8 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 9

Major Minerals and Water

Potassium Power
Eating a Diet Low in Sodium and Rich in Potassium May Offer Protection from Hypertension

Overview of the Minerals

Mineral Absorption and Bioavailability

Minerals in Our Food

Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus Have Diverse Structural Roles in the Body

Sulphur is a Component of Proteins

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride Maintain Fluid Balance in the Body

Water

Chapter 9 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 10

Trace Minerals

Small Quantities with Big Importance
How Lack of Trace Minerals Can Wreak Havoc on Your Health

Introducing the Trace Minerals

Iodine: Sources and Functions

Iron

Zinc

Copper

Selenium

Fluoride

Other Trace Minerals: Manganese, Molybdenum, and Chromium

Ultratrace Minerals

Chapter 10 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT D

Dietary Supplements

Supplements, Herbs, and Functional Foods
Surprising Studies on the Value of Vitamin Supplements

What Are Dietary Supplements?

Regulation of Dietary Supplements

Understanding Supplement Labels

Are Dietary Supplements Harmful?

Functional Foods

Spotlight D Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 11

Energy Balance and Obesity

The Sitting Disease
Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Obesity

Energy In, Energy Out

The Biology of Hunger

A NEAT Cause of Weight Gain

Lifestyle and Energy Balance

Weight Loss Recommendations

Chapter 11 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 12

Nutrition and Fitness

Eating to Win
The Amazing and Exacting Science of Sports Nutrition

Components of Fitness

Fueling the Body

Measures of Exercise Intensity

Dietary Carbohydrates for Endurance Exercise

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Body Building

Hydrating the Athlete

Physical Fitness: Not Just for Athletes

Chapter 12 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 13

Nutrition During the College Years

Determinants of Eating Behavior, Disordered Eating, and Alcohol
How Food Choices Are Influenced by Social Norms

Growth, Development, and Nutrient Requirements in Late Adolescence

Determinants of Eating Behavior

Eating Disorders

Alcohol

Chapter 13 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT E

Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infancy

Nourishing Mother and Baby
New Research Suggests That Delaying Cord Clamping After Birth Preserves Iron Status

Changing Nutritional Needs

Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy

A Healthy Pregnancy

Food Safety

Postnatal Nutrition

Nutrition for the Growing Child

Spotlight E Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT F

Childhood Nutrition

Food Allergies and Intolerances
As Paradoxical As It MIght Seem, Could Dirt and Germs Make Children Healthier for Life?

Growth and Development in Childhood

What Are Children Eating?

Nutritional Recommendations for Children

Nutrients of Concern in Childhood

Childhood Obesity

Food Allergies

Spotlight F Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT G

Nutrition and the Aging Adult

Live Long and Prosper
Can You Eat Your Way to a Longer, Healthier LIfe?

What Happens When We Age?

Life Expectancy and Lifespan

Blue Zones

Energy Needs and Physical Activity

Special Nutritional Concerns for Older Adults

Nutrient Recommendations for Older Adults

Maintaining Physical Strength for a Lifetime

Blue Zone Secrets

Spotlight G Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

CHAPTER 14

Global Nutrition: Food Security and Sustainability

Feeding the World Now and in the Future
How Will We Combat Global Hunger While We Promote Feed Security and Sustainability?

Food and Nutrition Security

Sustainability

How Are Organic Foods Different from Conventional Foods?

Chapter 14 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

SPOTLIGHT H

Food Safety

How Cantaloupe Turned Lethal
Safe Food-Handling Practices from Farm to Table Can Dramatically Reduce the Risk of Foodborne Illness

A Brief History of Food Safety in America

Foodborne Intoxication and Infection

Engineering Food Safety: HACCP and Irradiation

Food Safety and Modernization Act

Food Safety in the Home

Spotlight H Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

(ONLINE ONLY) CHAPTER 15

Energy Metabolism: The Interactions and Transformations of Living Cells

The Brain on Ketones: Can It Be Good?
For Some Individuals with Epilepsy, a High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Can Prevent ore Reduce Seizures

Overview of Energy Metabolism

The Breakdown of Glucose

Fatty Acid Oxidation Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix

Ketogenesis

Amino Acid Metabolism

Feasting and Fasting Cycle: Coordinating Metabolic Adaptations in Pathways of Energy Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Chapter 15 Bring It Home

Key Ideas

Need To Know: Review Questions

Appendix 1: Dietary Reference Intakes for Individuals

Appendix 2: Conversions 

Appendix 3: Key Functions of Micronutrients

Need To Know Review Question Answers

Glossary

References

Index