Through Women's Eyes, Volume 1
An American History with DocumentsFifth Edition ©2019
Through Women’s Eyes: An American History with Documents was the first text to present a narrative of U.S. women’s history within the context of the central developments of the United States and to combine this core narrative with written and visual primary sources in each chapter. The a...
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Through Women’s Eyes: An American History with Documents was the first text to present a narrative of U.S. women’s history within the context of the central developments of the United States and to combine this core narrative with written and visual primary sources in each chapter. The authors’ commitment to highlighting the best and most current scholarship, along with their focus on women from a broad range of ethnicities, classes, religions, and regions, has helped students really understand U.S. history Through Women’s Eyes.
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“This is a comprehensive and excellent textbook that attempts to illuminate the nuances and ironies in U.S. women's history, rather than just set forth a straightforward narrative. “
— Louise Newman, University of Florida“By emphasizing the experiences of different ethnic groups and class groups, the authors make the point that women are intricately involved in all aspects of history.”
— Renee LaFleur, University of Tennessee at Martin“As someone who likes to center student discussion, the primary source visual essay sections are great for in-class reading activities and discussion.”
— Georgina Montgomery, Michigan State University“I would describe Through Women's Eyes as the single best textbook in US women's history. It is a quantum leap over its predecessors in synthesizing around clear themes a generation of scholarship.”
— Susan Gray, Arizona State University
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Table of Contents
Preface for Instructors
Contents
Special Features
Introduction for Students
Chapter 1: America in the World, to 1650
Native American Women
Indigenous Peoples before 1492
The Pueblo Peoples
The Iroquois Confederacy
Native Women’s Worlds
Reading into the Past: Two Sisters and Acoma Origins
Europeans Arrive
Early Spanish Expansion
Spain’s Northern Frontier
Fish and Furs in the North
Early British Settlements
African Women and the Atlantic Slave Trade
Women in West Africa
The Early Slave Trade
Racializing Slavery
African Slavery in the Americas
Conclusion: Many Beginnings
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: European Images of Native American Women
Theodor Galle, America (c. 1580)
Indians Planting Corn, from Theodor de Bry, Great Voyages (1590)
Canadian Iroquois Women Making Maple Sugar, from Joseph-François Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Amériquains (1724)
John White, Theire sitting at meate (c. 1585–1586)
Theodor deBry, Theire sitting at meate (1590), based on a drawing by John White
John White, A Chief Lady of Pomeiooc and Her Daughter
John Beverley, A Woman and a Boy Running After Her (1705)
ohn White, Eskimo Woman (1577)
Pocahontas Convinces Her Father, Chief Powhatan, to Spare the Life of Captain John Smith, from John Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia (1612)
Pocahontas (1616)
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 2: Colonial Worlds, 1607–1750
A Native New World
Southern British Colonies
British Women in the Southern Colonies
African Women
Northern British Colonies
The Puritan Search for Order: The Family and the Law
Disorderly Women
Women’s Work and Consumption Patterns
Dissenters from Dissenters: Women in Pennsylvania
Reading into the Past: Trial of Anne Hutchinson
Reading into the Past: Jane Fenn Hoskens, Quaker Preacher
Beyond the British Settler Colonies
New Netherland
New France
New Spain
Native Grounds of the North American Interior
Conclusion: The Diversity of American Women
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: By and About Colonial Women
Laws on Women and Slavery
Laws of Virginia (1643, 1662)
Legal Proceedings
Michael Baisey’s Wife (1654)
Judith Catchpole (1656)
Mrs. Agatha Stubbings (1645)
Witchcraft Testimony
Testimony of John Porter and Lydia Porter v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)
Testimony of Joseph Fowler v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)
Testimony of Thomas Jacobs and Mary Jacobs v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)
Answer of Mary Bradbury (September 9, 1692)
Testimony of Thomas Bradbury for Mary Bradbury (July 28, 1692)
Newspaper Advertisements
South Carolina Gazette, Charleston (October 22, 1744)
South Carolina Gazette, Charleston (December 23, 1745)
Boston Gazette (April 28, 1755)
Boston Gazette (June 20, 1735)
Letters
Eliza Lucas Pinckney, To Miss Bartlett
Elizabeth Sprigs, To Mr. John Sprigs White Smith in White Cross Street near Cripple Gate London (1756)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Depictions of "Family" in Colonial America
Elizabeth Freake and Child (1674)
Johannes and Elsie Schuyler (ca. 1720s)
The Potter Family (cd. 1740)
Mestizo Family (c. 1715)
Mulatto Family (c. 1715)
Indian Family (c. 1715)
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 3: Mothers and Daughters of the Revolution, 1750–1810
Background to Revolution, 1754–1775
Social Change in the Eighteenth Century
The Growing Confrontation
Liberty’s Daughters: Women and the Emerging Crisis
Reading into the Past: Hannah Griffitts, The Female Patriots, Address’d to the Daughters of Liberty in America (1768)
Women and the Face of War, 1775–1783
Choosing Sides: Native American and African American Women
White Women: Pacifists, Tories, and Patriots
Maintaining the Troops: The Women Who Served
Revolutionary Era Legacies
A Changing World for Native American Women
African American Women: Freedom and Slavery
White Women: An Ambiguous Legacy
Limited Citizenship: White Women’s Legal Status and Education
Women and Religion
Reading into the Past: Ona Judge’s Escape (1796)
Conclusion: To the Margins of Political Action
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: Gendering Images of the Revolution
"A Society of Patriotic Ladies" (1774)
Miss Fanny’s Maid (1770)
"The Female Combatants" (1776)
Edward Savage, "Liberty in the Form of the Goddess of Youth Giving Support to the Bald Eagle" (1796)
Samuel Jennings, Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences (1792)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Phillis Wheatley, Poet and Slave
Portrait
Scipio Moorhead, Phillis Wheatley (1773)
Letters
To Arbour Tanner (1772)
To Rev. Samson Occom (1774)
Poems
On Being Brought from Africa to America (1772)
To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth, His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for North America
PRIMARY SOURCES: Education and Republican Motherhood
"A Peculiar Mode of Education"
Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education (1787)
"All That Independence Which Is Proper to Humanity"
Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes (1790)
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 4: Pedestal, Loom, and Auction Block, 1800–1860
The Ideology of True Womanhood
Christian Motherhood
A Middle-Class Ideology
Domesticity in a Market Age
Reading into the Past: Catharine Beecher, The Peculiar Responsibilities of the American Woman
Women and Wage Earning
From Market Revolution to Industrial Revolution
The Mill Girls of Lowell
The End of the Lowell Idyll
At the Bottom of the Wage Economy
Women, Slavery, and the South
Southern Native Americans and U.S. Removal Policy
Plantation Patriarchy
Plantation Mistresses
Non-elite White Women
Enslaved Women
Reading into the Past: Beloved Children: Cherokee Women Petition the National Council
Reading into the Past: Mary Boykin Chesnut, Slavery a Curse to Any Land
Conclusion: True Womanhood and the Reality of Women’s Lives
Chapter 4 Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: Prostitution in New York City, 1858
William W. Sanger, The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (1858)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Mothering under Slavery
Documents
The Planter’s Guide and Family Book of Medicine (1848)
Fannie Moore Remembers Her Mother and Grandmother (1937)
Photographs
Fannie Moore, Age 88 (ca. 1937)
"Rosemary" Plantation Photo Album (ca. 1890s–1910s)
Advertisements for Wet Nurses
City Gazette and Daily Advertiser (October 28, 1795)
The Southern Patriot (May 10, 1842)
The Charleston Mercury (June 7, 1856)
Antebellum Slave Narrative
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Godey’s Lady’s Book
The Constant, or the Anniversary Present (1851)
The Teacher (1844)
Purity (1850)
Cooks (1852)
Shoe Shopping (1848)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Early Photographs of Factory Operatives and Slave Women
Four Women Mill Workers (1860)
Two Women Mill Workers (1860)
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company Workers (1854)
The Hayward Family’s Slave Louisa with Her Legal Owner (c. 1858)
Thomas Easterly, Family with Their Slave Nurse (c. 1850)
Timothy O’Sullivan, Plantation in Beaufort, South Carolina (1862)
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 5: Shifting Boundaries: Expansion, Reform, and Civil War, 1840–1865
An Expanding Nation, 1843–1861
Overland by Trail
The Underside of Expansion: Native Women and Californianas
The Gold Rush
Reading Into the Past: Narrative of Mrs. Rosalía Vallejo Leese (1883)
Antebellum Reform
Expanding Woman’s Sphere: Maternal, Moral, and Temperance Reform
Exploring New Territory: Radical Reform in Family and Sexual Life
Crossing Political Boundaries: Abolitionism
Entering New Territory: Women’s Rights
Reading into the Past: Sojourner Truth, I Am as Strong as Any Man
Civil War, 1861–1865
Women and the Impending Crisis
Women’s Involvement in the War
Emancipation
Conclusion: Reshaping Boundaries, Redefining Womanhood
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: Female Labor in the Gold Rush Economy
Panning for Gold in Auburn Ravine (ca. 1852)
Luzena Stanley Wilson ’49er
Peter and Nancy Gooch (1858)
Nancy Gooch and the Monroe Family (ca. 1870)
Barbara Longknife to Stand Watie (June 8, 1854)
Barbara Longknife to Stand Watie, (October 11, 1857)
Indienne Californienne du Sud (ca. 1850s)
An Act for the Governance and Protection of Indians (1850)
"Story of ‘Shasta,’ an Indian Orphan Child (1856)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Women’s Rights Partnership: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in the 1850s and 1860s
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Recalls Meeting Susan B. Anthony (1881)
Anthony to Cady Stanton, Rochester (May 26, 1856)
Anthony to Cady Stanton, Home-Getting, along towards 12 O’Clock (June 5, 1856)
Cady Stanton to Anthony, Seneca Falls (June 10, 1856)
Susan B. Anthony, Why the Sexes Should Be Educated Together (1856)
Susan B. Anthony, Make the Slave’s Case Our Own (1859)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, To the American Anti-Slavery Society (May 8, 1860)
Cady Stanton to Anthony, Seneca Falls (December 15, 1859)
Anthony to Cady Stanton, Leavenworth, Kansas (April 19, 1865)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Call for a Meeting of the Loyal Women of the Nation (1863)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Women on the Civil War Battlefields
F. O. C. Darley, Midnight on the Battlefield (1890)
William Ludwell Sheppard, In the Hospital (1861)
Daughters of Charity with Doctors and Soldiers, Satterlee Hospital, Philadelphia (c. 1863)
Susie King Taylor
Harriet Tubman
Rose O’Neal Greenhow in the Old Capitol Prison with Her Daughter (1862)
F. O. C. Darley, A Woman in Battle — "Michigan Bridget" Carrying the Flag (1888)
Madam Velazquez in Female Attire and Harry T. Buford, 1st Lieutenant, Independent Scouts, Confederate States Army
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 6: Reconstructing Women’s Lives North and South, 1865–1900
Gender and the Postwar Constitutional Amendments
Constitutionalizing Women’s Rights
A New Departure for Woman Suffrage
Women’s Lives in Southern Reconstruction and Redemption
Black Women in the New South
White Women in the New South
Racial Conflict in Slavery’s Aftermath
Reading into the Past: Mary Tape, What Right Have You? (1855)
Female Wage Labor and the Triumph of Industrial Capitalism
Women’s Occupations after the Civil War
Who Were the Women Wage Earners?
Responses to Working Women
Class Conflict and Labor Organization
Reading into the Past: Leonora Barry, Women in the Knights of Labor
Women of the Leisured Classes
New Sources of Wealth and Leisure
The "Woman’s Era"
The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Consolidating the Gilded Age Women’s Movement
Looking to the Future
Reading into the Past: Harriot Stanton Blatch, Voluntary Motherhood
Conclusion: Toward a New Womanhood
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: Ida B. Wells, "Race Woman"
Ida B. Wells with the Family of Thomas Moore (1892)
Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970)
PRIMARY SOURCES: The Woman Who Toils
Mrs. John (Bessie) Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils: Being the Experiences of Two Ladies as Factory Girls (1903)
PRIMARY SOURCES: The Higher Education of Women in the Postbellum Years
Women Students Modeling Senior Plugs, University of California (c. 1900)
Class in Zoology, Wellesley College (1883–1884)
Basketball Team, Wells College (1904)
Class in American History, Hampton Institute (1899–1900)
Science Class, Washington, D.C., Normal College (1899)
Graduating Class, Medical College of Syracuse University (1876)
PRIMARY SOURCES: The New Woman
What We Are Coming To (1898)
In a Twentieth Century Club (1895)
Picturesque America (1900)
The Scorcher (1897)
Nellie Bly, on the Fly (1890)
Women Bachelors in New York (1896)
Notes
Suggested References
Chapter 7: Women in an Expanding Nation: Consolidation of the West, Mass Immigration, and the Crisis of the 1890s
Consolidating the West
Native Women in the West
Colonial Settler Families in the West
The "Wild West"
Late Nineteenth-Century Immigration
The Decision to Immigrate
The Immigrant’s Journey
Reception of the Immigrants
Immigrant Daughters
Immigrant Wives and Mothers
Reading into the Past: Emma Goldman, Living My Life
Century’s End: Challenges, Conflict, and Imperial Ventures
Rural Protest, Populism, and the Battle for Woman Suffrage
Class Conflict and the Pullman Strike of 1894
The Settlement House Movement
Epilogue to the Crisis: The Spanish-American War of 1898
Reading into the Past: Clemencia Lopez, Women of the Philippines
Conclusion: Nationhood and Womanhood on the Eve of a New Century
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCES: Representing Native American Women in the Late Nineteenth Century
Indian Sledge Journey (1875)
Hopi Potter Nampeyo (1900)
Pueblo Women Greet Tourists (1902)
Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (1898)
Angel DeCora, Grey Wolf’s Daughter (1899)
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Life Among the Piutes (1883)
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, From Silver Slate (July 9, 1886)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House
Twenty Years at Hull House (1910)
PRIMARY SOURCES: Jacob Riis’s Photographs of Immigrant Girls and Women
In the Home of an Italian Ragpicker: Jersey Street
Knee Pants at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen — A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop
Police Station Lodgers: Women’s Lodging Room in the West 47th Street Station
"I Scrubs": Katie Who Keeps House on West 49th Street
Notes
Suggested References
Index
Authors
Ellen Carol DuBois
ELLEN CAROL DUBOIS (Ph.D. Northwestern University) is Distinguished Professor of History and Gender Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in America, 1848–1869; Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage (winner of the 1998 Joan Kelly Memorial Prize in Women’s History from the American Historical Association); and Woman Suffrage and Women’s Rights. With Vicki L. Ruiz she is coeditor of the influential anthology Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women’s History. With Vinay Lal, she is co-author of the forthcoming The Many Worlds of Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. DuBois’s current women’s history work focuses on international feminist politics in the interwar years.
Lynn Dumenil
LYNN DUMENIL (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is Robert Glass Cleland Professor of American History, Emerita, at Occidental College. She has written The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s and Freemasonry and American Culture: 1880–1930. She is editor in chief of the Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History. Her articles and reviews have appeared in the Journal of American History, the Journal of American Ethnic History, Reviews in American History, and the American Historical Review. Dumenil’s current book project focuses on women, World War I, and the emergence of modern culture.
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