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SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
Figure 1.2-2 NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM
TEACH 1.2-1 The dual functions of the (arousing) (calming)
autonomic nervous system
Enrichment The autonomic nervous system Pupils: Brain Pupils:
dilate
contract
controls the more autonomous (or
The sympathetic and parasympathetic self-regulating) internal functions.
Its sympathetic division arouses
nervous systems together make up the body and expends energy. Its accelerates Spinal Heart:
Heart:
parasympathetic division calms
an opponent process system. Explain the body and conserves energy, heartbeat cord slows
heartbeat
to students that opponent processes allowing routine maintenance
activity. For example, sympathetic
work in opposition to each other, stimulation accelerates a pancreas, and Stomach,
Stomach,
person’s heartbeat, whereas
with one system performing one parasympathetic stimulation duodenum: pancreas, and
duodenum:
inhibit
slows it.
role and the other system performing digestion stimulate
digestion
the exact opposite role. In this case, the
Liver:
sympathetic nervous system causes stimulates Gallbladder:
the body to rise to the challenge it glucose release stimulates
bile release
faces and the parasympathetic nervous
& Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.
system causes the body to calm after Adrenal glands:
stimulate
secretion of
the challenge has been addressed. epinephrine and
norepinephrine
This opposition creates homeostasis, Bladder:
contracts
or balance, in the body. Suggest to Bladder:
students that they keep an eye out for relaxes Genitals:
Genitals:
other examples of opponent processes ejaculation in allows
stimulates
blood flow
throughout the course. Worth Publishers.
males
®
TEACH 1.2-1 AP Science Practice Check Your Understanding
Teaching Tip Examine the Concept
▶ ▶Match the type of neuron (i–iii) to its description (a–c).
You can help students remember the Type: Description:
functions of the sympathetic and para- i. Motor neurons a. Carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS.
sympathetic nervous systems with ii. Sensory neurons b. Communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing
messages.
iii. Interneurons
these mnemonics: c. Carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands.
• The sympathetic nervous system Bedford, Freeman &
relates to what we do when we
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman
feel sympathy—we actively try to Ballistic stress In 2018, Hawaiians
received this terrifying alert, amid
help by comforting others. We concerns about the launch of North
Korean nuclear warheads. “We fully
have to act to help others, so the felt we were about to die,” reported
one panicked mother (Nagourney
sympathetic nervous system will et al., 2018). Thirty-eight minutes later,
kick in, giving us the energy we the alert was declared a false alarm.
need to accomplish our goals. Copyright © ▶ ▶Explain how the ANS was involved in Hawaiians’ terrified responses, and in calming their bodies once they realized it was a false alarm.
• The parasympathetic nervous (continued )
system conserves energy and 24 Unit 1 Biological Bases of Behavior
calms us, almost as if we were
paralyzed.
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Emphasize that these are just TEACH 1.2-1 15/12/23 9:21 AM
mnemonics; many things besides Enrichment
sympathy will activate the sympathetic Explain to students that sensory neurons
nervous system, and the parasympa- connect to the spinal cord dorsally, or in your
thetic nervous system does not actually back. Motor neurons connect in the anterior
paralyze us. Warning: mnemonics of the spinal cord, or in the front. Therefore,
might help students identify a term, but it is possible to lose feeling in lower portions
they don’t help them apply the term in of the body in a spinal cord injury but retain
a novel context—something they will the ability to move if the spinal cord is not
®
be required to do on the AP exam. completely severed.

24 Unit 1 Biological Bases of Behavior

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