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Module 1.4b

findings suggest that our perception of moving flows not from the movement itself, but
rather from our intention.
On the underside of the right temporal lobe, another association area enables us to CONNECT 1.4-7
instantly recognize faces (Retter et al., 2020). If a stroke or head injury destroyed this area
of your brain, you would still be able to describe facial features and to recognize someone’s Explain to your students that study-
gender and approximate age, yet be strangely unable to identify the person as, say, Ariana ing the complexity of how language
Grande or even your grandmother.
Nevertheless, complex mental functions don’t reside in any single place. During a is processed in the brain provides a
complex task, a brain scan shows many islands of brain activity working together — some clue to how difficult it is to master an
running automatically in the background, and others under conscious control (Chein & in-depth knowledge of how language
Schneider, 2012). Your memory, language, attention, and social skills result from functional
connectivity — communication among distinct brain areas and neural networks (Bassett works. Language is discussed in more
et al., 2018; Silston et al., 2018). What happens when brain areas struggle to communi- detail in Module 3.5.
cate with each other? People are at increased risk for mental disorders (Baker et al., 2019;
Zhang et al., 2019). The point to remember: Our mental experiences — and our psychological
health — rely on coordinated brain activity. TEACH 1.4-7
Teaching Tip
Stress the authors’ point that complex
AP Science Practice Check Your Understanding
®
mental functions don’t reside in any
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.
Examine the Concept Apply the Concept single place in the brain. Students
▶ ▶Which part of the human brain distinguishes us most from ▶ ▶If you are able, try moving your right hand in a circular motion, should be wary of thinking that the
other animals? as if cleaning a table. Then start your right foot doing the same
▶ ▶Explain the differences among the brain’s four lobes in terms motion, synchronized with your hand. Now reverse the right brain has “hot spots” of functioning,
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
of their location and function. foot’s motion, but not the hand’s. Finally, try moving the left foot and should avoid the idea that certain
opposite to the right hand.
a. Why is reversing the right foot’s motion so hard? functions reside in one area of the
b. Why is it easier to move the left foot opposite to the right brain or another. What students learn
hand?
▶ ▶Explain why association areas are important using specific at this point in psychology is the
examples from your own experience. most basic understanding of neuro-
Answers to the Examine the Concept questions can be found in Appendix C at the end of the book. science. Neuroscience is much more
complex because brain functioning is
interconnected.
Module 1.4b REVIEW
CLOSE & ASSESS
1.4-4 What are the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain? 1.4-5 Which structures make up the brainstem, and
what are the functions of the brainstem, thalamus, Exit Activity
• Vertebrate brains have three main divisions. reticular formation, and cerebellum? (20 minutes) Use Student Activity:
• The hindbrain contains brainstem structures that direct Case Studies in Neuroanatomy to
essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, • The brainstem is responsible for automatic survival func-
arousal, coordination, and balance. tions. Its components are the medulla (which controls allow students to practice identifying
heartbeat and breathing), the pons (which helps coordi-
• The midbrain connects the hindbrain with the forebrain; it nate movements and control sleep), and the reticular for- brain areas activated during certain
controls some movement and transmits information that situations. This small-group activity
enables seeing and hearing. mation (which filters incoming stimuli, relays information provides a comprehensive review
to other brain areas, and affects arousal).
• The forebrain manages complex cognitive activities, sensory
and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities. • The thalamus, sitting above the brainstem, acts as the while requiring students to apply what
brain’s sensory control center.
they have learned in this module.
M1.4b: Case Studies in
The Brain: Brain Regions and Structures Module 1.4b 77 Neuroanatomy

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The Brain: Brain Regions and Structures Module 1.4b 77

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