From Critical Thinking to Argument with 2020 APA and 2021 MLA Updates by Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau; John O'Hara - Sixth Edition, 2020 from Macmillan Student Store
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From Critical Thinking to Argument with 2020 APA and 2021 MLA Updates

A Portable GuideSixth Edition ©2020New Edition Available Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau; John O'Hara

The ebook has been updated to give your students the latest guidance on documenting sources in MLA style and follows the guidelines set forth in the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (April 2021).

From Critical Thinking to Argument is a brief but thorough guide to argument at a g...

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ISBN:9781319462765

From Critical Thinking to Argument with 2020 APA and 2021 MLA Updates by Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau; John O'Hara - Sixth Edition, 2020 from Macmillan Student Store

Essential critical thinking and argument coverage in an affordable, streamlined format.

The ebook has been updated to give your students the latest guidance on documenting sources in MLA style and follows the guidelines set forth in the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (April 2021).

From Critical Thinking to Argument is a brief but thorough guide to argument at a great value. This versatile text gives students strategies for critical thinking, reading, and writing and makes argument concepts clear through its treatment of classic and modern approaches to argument, including Aristotelian, Toulmin, and Rogerian argument, as well as visual rhetoric. For today’s increasingly visual learners who are challenged to separate what’s real from what’s not, new activities and visual flowcharts support information literacy, and an appendix of practical Sentence Guides helps students incorporate the moves of academic writers into their own arguments. With just eighteen readings, this affordable guide can stand alone or complement an anthology.

Features

A concise and affordable book that teaches critical thinking and argument. This brief text on critical thinking and reading, writing, and researching argument shows students how to recognize and evaluate assumptions and apply critical thinking and reading skills to writing papers.　

Eighteen readings (including six student essays) help students think critically, analyze arguments, and respond thoughtfully. Contemporary and thought-provoking topics range from gender equality in the military to the safety of genetically engineered food to the impact of recycling on the environment.

Three chapters on unique perspectives on argument introduce students to important approaches. Argument models include philosophical (the Toulmin model); logical (deduction, induction, fallacies); and psychological (Rogerian).

Activities that engage critical thinking and allow students to experiment with argument techniques. "Thinking Critically" activities throughout the text give students practice in analyzing and constructing arguments, focusing on skills such as generating topics, defining terms and concepts, narrowing a thesis, and using transitions in argument.

New to This Edition

The ebook has been updated to give your students the latest guidance on documenting sources in MLA style and follows the guidelines set forth in the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (April 2021).

A sharper focus on fostering information literacy supports students as they navigate research, especially online. Chapters on critical reading and writing have been updated to include topics such as confirmation bias. An expanded Chapter 7, “Using Sources,” acknowledges that students often seek and find information online and provides instruction and visual examples of sponsored content, fake news sites, and scholarly databases so that students can evaluate and use research effectively.

New Visual Guides support critical thinking.  Graphics and flow charts now aid students in designing their own paths through common argument tasks such as writing a critical summary and organizing an analysis.

Annotated essays make argument moves visible. Several selections by professional writers are now annotated to highlight writers’ rhetorical moves and persuasive strategies and to provide support for understanding argument during the reading process.

An appendix, "Sentence Guides for Academic Writers"  helps students develop the essential skill of working with and responding to others’ ideas. This practical module helps students develop an academic writing voice by giving them sentence guides, or templates, to follow in a variety of composing situations.

“From Critical Thinking to Argument is succinct, effective, and affordable. It has the right amount of information.”
— Husne Jahan, De Anza College

"From Critical Thinking to Argument: A Portable Guide proves that excellent writing instruction is available at an affordable price. "
— Deborah Cordonnier, Rider University

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Table of Contents

PART ONE: FROM CRITICAL THINKING TO ARGUMENT AND RESEARCH
 
1           Critical Thinking 
Thinking through an Issue 
Analyzing and Evaluating from Multiple Perspectives 
             Survey, Analyze, and Evaluate the Issue 
Visual Guide: Evaluating a Proposal 
             Obstacles to Critical Thinking 
             Anticipating Counterarguments 
Critical Thinking at Work: From a Cluster to a Short Essay 
ALEXA CABRERA, Stirred and Strained: Pastafarians Should Be Allowed to Practice in Prison (student essay) 
Generating Ideas: Writing as a Way of Thinking 
             Confronting Unfamiliar Issues 
             Using Clustering to Discover Ideas 
             Approaching an Issue (or an Assignment) 
             Prompting Yourself: Classical Topics and Invention 
An Essay for Generating Ideas
NINA FEDOROFF, The Genetically Engineered Salmon Is a Boon for Consumers and Sustainability 
Thinking Critically: Generating Ideas with Topics 
             Thinking Critically about the Issue 
A Checklist for Critical Thinking 
A Short Essay Calling for Critical Thinking 
LYNN STUART PARRAMORE, Fitbits for Bosses
Examining Assumptions 
A Checklist for Examining Assumptions 
*HELEN BENEDICT, The Military Has a Man Problem 
 
2           Critical Reading: Getting Started 
Active Reading 
             Previewing 
             A Short Essay for Previewing Practice 
Thinking Critically: Previewing
SANJAY GUPTA, Why I Changed My Mind on Weed 
             Reading with a Careful Eye: Underlining, Highlighting, Annotating 
             Reading: Fast and Slow 
             Defining Terms and Concepts 
Summarizing and Paraphrasing 
A Checklist for a Paraphrase
Patchwriting and Plagiarism 
Strategies for Summarizing 
             Critical Summary 
Visual Guide: Writing a Critical Summary 
             A Short Essay for Summarizing Practice 
SUSAN JACOBY, A First Amendment Junkie 
A Checklist for a Summary
Essays for Analysis
GWEN WILDE, Why the Pledge of Allegiance Should Be Revised (student essay)
ZACHARY SHEMTOB and DAVID LAT, Executions Should Be Televised
 
3           Critical Reading: Getting Deeper into Arguments 
Persuasion, Argument, and Rhetorical Appeals 
Visual Guide: Evaluating Persuasive Appeals 
Thinking Critically: Identifying Ethos 
Reason, Rationalization, and Confirmation Bias 
Types of Reasoning  
             Induction 
             Deduction 
             Premises and Syllogisms 
Some Procedures in Argument 
             Definitions 
             Assumptions 
             Evidence: Experimentation, Examples, Authoritative Testimony, and Numerical Data 
Thinking Critically: Authoritative Testimony 
A Checklist for Evaluating Statistical Evidence 
Nonrational Appeals 
             Satire, Irony, Sarcasm 
             Emotional Appeals 
Thinking Critically: Nonrational Appeals 
Does All Writing Contain Arguments? 
A Checklist for Analyzing an Argument 
An Example: An Argument and a Look at the Writer’s Strategies 
*JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recycling (annotated essay) 
 
4           Visual Rhetoric: Thinking about Images as Arguments 
Uses of Visual Images 
             Types of Emotional Appeals 
Seeing versus Looking: Reading Advertisements 
A Checklist for Analyzing Images
Levels of Images 
Visual Guide: Analyzing Images  
Documenting Reality: Reading Photographs 
             A Word on “Alternative Facts” 
Accommodating, Resisting, and Negotiating the Meaning of Images 
Are Some Images Not Fit to Be Shown?: Politics and Pictures  
An Argument on Publishing Images 
Writing about Political Cartoons  
Thinking Critically: Analysis of a Political Cartoon 
A Checklist for Analyzing Political Cartoons 
An Example: A Student’s Essay Analyzing Images 
*RYAN KWON, The American Pipe Dream? (student essay) 
Visuals as Aids to Clarity: Maps, Graphs, and Pie Charts 
             A Word on Misleading or Manipulative Visual Data 
A Checklist for Charts and Graphs 
Using Visuals in Your Own Paper  
 
5           Writing an Analysis of an Argument  
Analyzing an Argument       
Examining The Author’s Thesis     
Examining The Author’s Purpose            
Examining The Author’s Methods              
Examining The Author’s Persona               
Examining The Author’s Audience          
A Checklist for Analyzing an Author’s Intended Audience             
             Organizing Your Analysis                 
Visual Guide: Organizing Your Analysis    
             Summary versus Analysis           
A Checklist for Analyzing a Text         
An Argument, Its Elements, And a Student’s Analysis of the Argument    
NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle  
Thinking Critically: Examining Language to Analyze an Author’s Argument     
             The Essay Analyzed              
*THERESA CARCALDI, For Sound Argument, Drop The Jokes: How Kristof Falls Short in Convincing His Audience (student essay)          
An Analysis of the Student’s Analysis        
A Checklist for Writing an Analysis of an Argument                  
 
6        Developing an Argument of Your Own  
Planning an Argument      
             Getting Ideas: Argument as an Instrument of Inquiry                
             Three Brainstorming Strategies: Freewriting, Listing, and Diagramming 
             Revision as Invention 
             Asking Questions with Stasis Theory             
             Considering Evidence       
             The Thesis or Main Point                 
A Checklist for a Thesis Statement  
Thinking Critically: Walking the Tightrope    
             Imagining an Audience     
             The Audience as Collaborator 
             Addressing Opposition and Establishing Common Ground 
A Checklist for Imagining an Audience          
Drafting and Revising Argument    
             The Title              
             The Opening Paragraphs                 
             Organizing the Body of the Essay   
Visual Guide: Organizing Your Argument  
             The Ending         
Thinking Critically: Using Transitions in Argument  
             Uses of an Outline            
A Checklist for Organizing an Argument       
             Tone and the Writer’s Persona       
             We, One, or I?                    
Thinking Critically: Eliminating We, One, and I           
A Checklist for Establishing Tone and Persona             
             Avoiding Sexist Language   
Peer Review                   
A Checklist for Peer Review
A Student’s Essay, from Rough Notes to Final Version               
EMILY ANDREWS, Why I Don’t Spare Change (student essay)  
 
7            Using Sources  
Why Use Sources?  
             Entering a Discourse        
             Understanding Information Literacy             
Choosing a Topic  
Finding Sources  
Visual Guide: Finding Discourse on Your Topic       
             Finding Quality Information Online  
             Finding Articles Using Library Databases  
Thinking Critically: Using Search Terms         
             Locating Books  
Evaluating Sources  
             Scholarly, Popular, and Trade Sources         
             Evaluating Online Sources 
             Why Finding Reliable Internet Sources Is So Challenging          
             A Word on “Fake News” 
A Checklist for Identifying Fake News
             Native Advertising and Branded Content                     
             Considering How Current Sources Are         
A Checklist for Evaluating Sources     
Performing Your Own Primary Research     
             Interviewing Peers and Local Authorities
Visual Guide: Conducting Interviews          
             Conducting Observations 
             Conducting Surveys          
             Research in Archives and Special Collections             
Synthesizing Sources
Taking Notes  
             A Note on Plagiarizing      
A Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism  
Compiling an Annotated Bibliography  
Quoting from Sources  
Visual Guide: Integrating Quotations
Thinking Critically: Using Signal Phrases       
Documentation  
             A Note on Footnotes (and Endnotes)  
MLA Format: Citations within the Text  
MLA Format: The List of Works Cited  
APA Format: Citations within the Text  
APA Format: The List of References  
A Checklist for Critical Papers Using Sources                 
An Annotated Student Research Paper in MLA Format  
LESLEY TIMMERMAN, An Argument for Corporate Responsibility (student essay)  
An Annotated Student Research Paper in APA Format  
*HANNAH SMITH BROOKS, Does Ability Determine Expertise? (student essay)   
 
Part Two  FURTHER VIEWS ON ARGUMENT
 
8         A Philosopher’s View: The Toulmin Model              
Visual Guide: The Toulmin Method 
Components of the Toulmin Model
The Claim  
Grounds  
Warrants  
Backing  
Modal Qualifiers  
Rebuttals  
Thinking Critically: Constructing a Toulmin Argument                
Putting the Toulmin Method to Work: Responding to an Argument  
JAMES E. McWILLIAMS, The Locavore Myth: Why Buying from Nearby Farmers Won’t Save the Planet   
Thinking with Toulmin’s Method  
 A Checklist Using the Toulmin Method  

9         A Logician’s View: Deduction, Induction, and Fallacies  
Using Formal Logic for Critical Thinking        
Visual Guide: Deduction and Induction         
Deduction
Examples of Deduction  
Induction  
             Observation and Inference  
             Probability  
             Mill’s Methods  
Fallacies  
             Fallacies of Ambiguity  
             Fallacies of Presumption  
             Fallacies of Irrelevance  
             Additional Fallacies           
A Checklist for Evaluating an Argument from a Logical Point of View
Thinking Critically: Identifying Fallacies 
MAX SHULMAN, Love Is a Fallacy  
 
10        A Psychologist’s View: Rogerian Argument           
Rogerian Argument: An Introduction  
Visual Guide: Rogerian Argument  
A Checklist for Analyzing Rogerian Argument              
CARL R. ROGERS, Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation  
EDWARD O. WILSON, Letter to a Southern Baptist Minister 

Appendix: Sentence Guides for Academic Writers

Index 

Sylvan Barnet

Sylvan Barnet was a professor of English and former director of writing at Tufts University. His several texts on writing and his numerous anthologies for introductory composition and literature courses have remained leaders in their field through many editions. His titles, with Hugo Bedau, include Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

Hugo Bedau

Hugo Bedau was a professor of philosophy at Tufts University and served as chair of the philosophy department and chair of the university’s committee on College Writing. An internationally respected expert on the death penalty, and on moral, legal, and political philosophy, he wrote or edited a number of books on these topics. He co-authored, with Sylvan Barnet, of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

John O'Hara

John Fitzgerald O’Hara is an associate professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing at Stockton University, where he is the coordinator of the first-year critical thinking program, and former Director of the Master of Arts in American Studies Program. He regularly teaches writing, critical thinking, and courses in American literature and history and is a nationally-recognized expert on the 1960s. He is the co-author of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.