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Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| ©2019 Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
Beginning college writers come from a wide range of backgrounds and communities. And for many, academic reading and writing skills are ones they must learn and practice. Enter Rules for Writers. It’s an easy-to-use, comprehensive composition tool with the quality you expect from authors
Beginning college writers come from a wide range of backgrounds and communities. And for many, academic reading and writing skills are ones they must learn and practice. Enter Rules for Writers. It’s an easy-to-use, comprehensive composition tool with the quality you expect from authors you trust. It empowers students by teaching them how to meet new expectations and by giving them the practice that builds confidence.
With trusted advice for writing well, reading critically, and working with sources, Rules for Writers now has even more help for underprepared and inexperienced writers—sentence guides that foster an academic voice, tips for spotting fake news and misleading sources, more on paraphrasing, and fifteen new “how-to” pages that offer practical help for writing challenges. It’s an affordable solution with significant value, especially when paired with LaunchPad Solo for Hacker Handbooks, an innovative practice solution available at no additional cost when package with a new text.
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The best value for beginning college writers
Beginning college writers come from a wide range of backgrounds and communities. And for many, academic reading and writing skills are ones they must learn and practice. Enter Rules for Writers. It’s an easy-to-use, comprehensive composition tool with the quality you expect from authors you trust. It empowers students by teaching them how to meet new expectations and by giving them the practice that builds confidence.
With trusted advice for writing well, reading critically, and working with sources, Rules for Writers now has even more help for underprepared and inexperienced writers—sentence guides that foster an academic voice, tips for spotting fake news and misleading sources, more on paraphrasing, and fifteen new “how-to” pages that offer practical help for writing challenges. It’s an affordable solution with significant value, especially when paired with LaunchPad Solo for Hacker Handbooks, an innovative practice solution available at no additional cost when package with a new text.
Features
- Comprehensive coverage means you and your students have access to sensible, vetted advice and practical models to help students with composing and revising, reading critically, developing arguments and analyses, conducting and integrating research, and practicing grammar and punctuation skills.
- Writing guides help students work through college writing assignments in a variety of genres.
- Critical reading and academic writing instruction build skills that transfer assignment-to-assignment and course-to-course.
- MLA and APA formatting and citation advice help your students work within multiple disciplines.
- LaunchPad Solo is a powerful digital companion that makes assigning and assessing student work a snap. At no additional cost when packaged with the print text, LaunchPad Solo includes 300 exercises, more than 35 Learning Curve adaptive quizzes, sample student papers in multiple disciplines, writing prompts, and 24 video tutorials.
New to This Edition
New help designed for beginning academic writers. For students just beginning to write with sources and develop an academic voice, the ninth edition offers stronger, more useful advice.
- New sentence guides help students with the most basic academic scenario: presenting and responding to the views of others. Fill-in sentence starters provide useful models for participating in academic discourse and writing research papers (see 55c).
- New coverage guides students as they learn how to detect fake and misleading news as they search for sources (see 52c).
- Four new “Writing for an audience” boxes help students keep their readers in mind as they make decisions about how to develop their ideas (see 50b for one example).
- Revised advice on paraphrasing and on using sources responsibly develop good academic citizenship among beginning college writers.
A more practical how-to approach. New step-by-step instruction helps students apply writing advice and transfer skills to different kinds of writing assignments. Fifteen new How-to pages deliver the straightforward help that instructors and students want — how to write a stronger thesis, go beyond a Google search, give better peer review comments, and more.
Now even easier to navigate. Based on usability research with students from two- and four-year colleges, new changes make the handbook more accessible: A new How to use this book page orients students to five paths for quick help; a new scavenger hunt offers a useful activity-based introduction to the book; and menus, contents, and lists of citation models are in more accessible locations.
Engaging video tutorials that support common writing assignments. Twenty-four new video tutorials support students as they learn difficult academic concepts. These tools combine brief, lively videos with scorable practice items to help students with common first-year writing assignments (argument, analysis, and annotated bibliography) and with using MLA and APA style.
A new supplemental workbook for students in paired / co-requisite sections. A Student’s Companion to Hacker Handbooks, designed specifically to help under-prepared students succeed in their first year writing course, provides activities and strategies to help students practice the skills and habits they need to be successful academic writers. The text includes coverage of important college success strategies including time management and planning. A variety of activities and templates help students improve their reading and writing performance; graphic organizers help visual learners; exercises for thesis statements and topic sentences help writers with little academic writing experience; and grammar and research exercises help strengthen students work at the sentence level. Available in print workbook format or online within LaunchPad Solo.
“Rules covers the topics we want with no frills to run up the cost to students.”
--Anne Helms, Alamance Community College“Students give LaunchPad Solo high praise. If they love it, I love it. Is there anything more gratifying than students who are happy learning grammar?"
--Cameron Bentley, Augusta Technical College“The instructor materials have been very helpful for the part-time faculty I supervise.”
--Ellen Olmstead, Montgomery College“With the Writing Guides, Rules for Writers presents a concise yet comprehensive strategy for students to apply higher level thinking skills to their writing”
-- Bonnie Feeser, Hutchinson Community College“The sentence guides for academic writers are fantastic. My community college students have so much trouble hearing the academic voice and many of them learn by doing. I would use this material as an exercise when students write their research paper.”
-- Susan Slavicz, Florida State College at Jacksonville“Rules for Writers has been and continues to be a favorite handbook of mine. Its examples and editing strategies are comprehensive and provide great practice for students.
-- Cathy Chaney, Northern Virginia Community College

Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| ©2019
Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
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Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| 2019
Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
Table of Contents
* = new to this edition or substantially revised
*Scavenger Hunt: Learning to Use Rules for Writers
The Writing Process
1 Exploring, planning, and drafting
a Assess the writing situation.
b Explore your subject.
c Draft and revise a working thesis statement.
*How to solve five common problems with thesis statements,
d Draft a plan.
e Draft an introduction.
f Draft the body.
g Draft a conclusion.
2 Revising, editing, and reflecting
a See revising as a social process.
b Use peer review: Revise with comments.
c Use peer review: Give constructive comments.
*How to write helpful peer review comments
d Highlights of one students peer review process
SAMPLE ROUGH DRAFT WITH PEER COMMENTS
e Approach global revision in cycles.
f Revise and edit sentences.
*How to improve your writing with an editing log
g Proofread the final manuscript.
h Format the final manuscript.
i Sample student revision
SAMPLE STUDENT REVISION
j Prepare a portfolio; reflect on your writing.
3 Building effective paragraphs
a Focus on a main point.
b Develop the main point.
c Choose a suitable pattern of organization.
d Make paragraphs coherent.
e If necessary, adjust paragraph length.
Academic Reading and Writing
4 Reading and writing critically
a Read actively.
Sample annotated article
*How to read like a writer
b Outline a text to identify main ideas.
c Summarize to deepen your understanding.
d Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.
*How to draft an analytical thesis statement,
e Sample student writing: Analysis of an article
Sample analysis paper
Writing guide: HOW TO WRITE AN Analytical essay
5 Reading and writing about multimodal texts
a Read actively.
Sample annotated advertisement
b Summarize to deepen your understanding.
*How to write a summary of a multimodal text,
c Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.
d Sample student writing: Analysis of an advertisement
Sample analysis of an advertisement
6 Reading arguments
a Distinguish between reasonable and fallacious argumentative tactics.
b Distinguish between legitimate and unfair emotional appeals.
c Judge how fairly a writer handles opposing views.
7 Writing arguments
a When writing arguments, identify your purpose and context.
b View your audience as a panel of jurors.
c In your introduction, establish credibility and state your position.
*How to draft a thesis statement for an argument
d Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument.
e Support your claims with specific evidence.
f Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments.
g Build common ground.
h Sample student writing: Argument
Sample argument paper
WRITING GUIDE: HOW TO WRITE AN ARGUMENT ESSAY
Clarity
8 Prefer active verbs.
a Active versus passive verbs
b Active versus be verbs
c Subject that names the actor
9 Balance parallel ideas.
a Parallel ideas in a series
b Parallel ideas presented as pairs
c Repetition of function words
10 Add needed words.
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
d a, an, and the
11 Untangle mixed constructions.
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, and reason . . . is because
12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers.
a Limiting modifiers
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Awkwardly placed modifiers
d Split infinitives
e Dangling modifiers
13 Eliminate distracting shifts.
a Point of view (person, number)
b Verb tense
c Verb mood, voice
d Indirect to direct questions or quotations
14 Emphasize key ideas.
a Coordination and subordination
b Choppy sentences
c Ineffective or excessive coordination
d Ineffective subordination
e Excessive subordination
f Other techniques
15 Provide some variety.
a Sentence openings
b Sentence structures
c Inverted order
16 Tighten wordy sentences.
a Redundancies
b Unnecessary repetition
c Empty or inflated phrases
d Simplifying the structure
e Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
17 Choose appropriate language.
a Jargon
b Pretentious language, euphemisms, doublespeak
c Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English
d Levels of formality
e Sexist language
f Offensive language
18 Find the exact words.
a Connotations
b Specific, concrete nouns
c Misused words
d Standard idioms
e Clichs
f Figures of speech
Grammar
19 Repair sentence fragments.
a Subordinate clauses
b Phrases
c Other fragmented word groups
d Acceptable fragments
20 Revise run-on sentences.
a Revision with coordinating conjunction
b Revision with semicolon, colon, or dash
c Revision by separating sentences
d Revision by restructuring
21 Make subjects and verbs agree.
a Standard subject-verb combinations
b Words between subject and verb
c Subjects joined with and
d Subjects joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor
e Indefinite pronouns
f Collective nouns
g Subject following verb
h Subject, not subject complement
i who, which, and that
j Words with plural form, singular meaning
k Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases
22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree.
*a Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite pronouns, generic nouns)
b Collective nouns
c Antecedents joined with and
d Antecedents joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor
23 Make pronoun references clear.
a Ambiguous or remote reference
b Broad reference of this, that, which, and it
c Implied antecedents
d Indefinite use of they, it, and you
e who for persons, which or that for things
24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me.
a Subjective case for subjects and subject complements
b Objective case for objects
c Appositives
d Pronoun following than or as
e Subjects and objects of infinitives
f Pronoun modifying a gerund
25 Distinguish between who and whom.
a In subordinate clauses
b In questions
c As subjects or objects of infinitives
26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care.
a Adjectives to modify nouns
b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
c good and well, bad and badly
d Comparatives and superlatives
e Double negatives
27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods in Standard English.
a Irregular verbs
b lie and lay
c -s (or -es) endings
d -ed endings
e Omitted verbs
f Verb tense
g Subjunctive mood
Multilingual Writers and ESL Topics
28 Verbs
a Appropriate form and tense
b Passive voice
c Base form after a modal
d Negative verb forms
e Verbs in conditional sentences
f Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
29 Articles
a Articles and other noun markers
b When to use the
c When to use a or an
d When not to use a or an
e No articles with general nouns
f Articles with proper nouns
30 Sentence structure
a Linking verb between a subject and its complement
b A subject in every sentence
c Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same grammatical function
d Repeated subjects, objects, and adverbs in adjective clauses
e Mixed constructions with although or because
f Placement of adverbs
g Present participles and past participles as adjectives
h Order of cumulative adjectives
31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions
a Prepositions showing time and place
b Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition
c Common adjective + preposition combinations
d Common verb + preposition combinations
Punctuation
32 The comma
a Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
b Introductory elements
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive and restrictive elements
f Transitional expressions and other word groups
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections
h he said etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
33 Unnecessary commas
a Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses
b Between a verb and its subject or object
c Before the first or after the last item in a series
d Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
e Before and after restrictive or parenthetical elements
f Before essential concluding adverbial elements
g After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
h Other misuses
34 The semicolon
a Between independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction
b Between independent clauses linked with a transitional expression
c In a series containing internal punctuation
d Misuses
35 The colon
a Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation
b Conventional uses
c Misuses
36 The apostrophe
a Possessive nouns
b Possessive indefinite pronouns
c Contractions
d Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations, words as words
e Misuses
37 Quotation marks
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within a quotation
c Titles of short works
d Words as words
e With other punctuation marks
f Misuses
38 End punctuation
a The period
b The question mark
c The exclamation point
39 Other punctuation marks
a The dash
b Parentheses
c Brackets
d The ellipsis mark
e The slash
Mechanics
40 Abbreviations
a Titles with proper names
b Familiar abbreviations
c Conventional abbreviations
d Units of measurement
e Latin abbreviations
f Plural of abbreviations
g Misuses
41 Numbers
a Spelling out
b Using numerals
42 Italics
a Titles of works
b Names of ships, spacecraft, and aircraft
c Foreign words
d Words as words, letters as letters, numbers as numbers
43 Spelling
a Spelling rules
b Words that sound alike
c Commonly misspelled words
44 The hyphen
a Compound words
b Hyphenated adjectives
c Fractions and compound numbers
d With certain prefixes and suffixes
e To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
f Word division
45 Capitalization
a Proper vs. common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles and subtitles of works
d First word of a sentence
e First word of a quoted sentence
f First word after a colon
Grammar Basics
46 Parts of speech
a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjectives
e Adverbs
f Prepositions
g Conjunctions
h Interjections
47 Sentence patterns
a Subjects
b Verbs, objects, and complements
48 Subordinate word groups
a Prepositional phrases
b Verbal phrases
c Appositive phrases
d Absolute phrases
e Subordinate clauses
49 Sentence types
a Sentence structures
b Sentence purposes
Research
50 Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources
a Manage the project.
b Pose questions worth exploring.
*How to enter a research conversation
c Map out a search strategy.
d Search efficiently; master a few shortcuts to finding good sources.
*How to go beyond a Google search
e Conduct field research, if appropriate.
f Write a research proposal.
51 Managing information; taking notes responsibly
a Maintain a working bibliography.
b Keep track of source materials.
c Take notes carefully to avoid unintentional plagiarism.
*How to take notes responsibly
*How to avoid plagiarizing from the web
52 Evaluating sources
a Think about how sources might contribute to your writing.
b Select sources worth your time and attention.
c Read with an open mind and a critical eye.
*How to detect fake news and misleading sources
d Construct an annotated bibliography.
Writing guide: Annotated bibliography
Writing Papers in MLA Style
53 Supporting a thesis
a Form a working thesis.
b Organize your ideas.
c Draft an introduction for your thesis.
d Use sources to inform and support your argument.
54 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism
a Understand how the MLA system works.
b Understand what plagiarism is.
c Use quotation marks around borrowed language.
d Put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
*How to be a responsible research writer
55 Integrating sources
a Summarize and paraphrase effectively.
*How to paraphrase effectively
b Use quotations effectively.
*c Use signal phrases to integrate sources.
d Synthesize sources.
56 Documenting sources in MLA style
*a MLA in-text citations
*b MLA list of works cited
c MLA information notes
57 MLA manuscript format; sample research paper
a MLA manuscript format
b Sample MLA research paper
Writing Papers in APA Style
58 Supporting a thesis
a Form a working thesis.
b Organize your ideas.
c Use sources to inform and support your argument.
59 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism
a Understand how the APA system works.
b Understand what plagiarism is.
c Use quotation marks around borrowed language.
d Put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
60 Integrating sources
a Summarize and paraphrase effectively.
b Use quotations effectively.
c Use signal phrases to integrate sources.
d Synthesize sources.
61 Documenting sources in APA style
*a APA in-text citations
*b APA list of works cited
62 APA manuscript format; sample paper
a APA manuscript format
b Sample APA research paper
Appendixes
*Models of professional writing
Glossary of usage
Answers to exercises

Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| 2019
Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
Authors

Diana Hacker
Diana Hacker personally class-tested her handbooks with nearly four thousand students over thirty-five years at Prince George’s Community College in Maryland, where she was a member of the English faculty. Hacker handbooks, built on innovation and on a keen understanding of the challenges facing student writers, are the most widely adopted in America. Hacker handbooks, all published by Bedford/St. Martin’s, include A Writer’s Reference, Ninth Edition (2018); A Pocket Style Manual, Eighth Edition (2018); The Bedford Handbook, Tenth Edition (2017); Rules for Writers, Eighth Edition (2016); and Writer’s Help 2.0, Hacker Version.

Nancy Sommers
Nancy Sommers, who has taught composition and directed composition programs for thirty years, now teaches in Harvard’s Graduate School of Education. She led Harvard’s Expository Writing Program for twenty years, directing the first-year writing program and establishing Harvard’s WAC program. A two-time Braddock Award winner, Sommers is well known for her research and publications on student writing. Her articles “Revision Strategies of Student and Experienced Writers” and “Responding to Student Writing” are two of the most widely read and anthologized articles in the field of composition. Recently she has been exploring different audiences through blogging and through publishing in popular media. Sommers is the lead author on Hacker handbooks, all published by Bedford/St. Martin’s, and is coauthor of Fields of Reading, Tenth Edition (2013).

Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| 2019
Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
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Rules for Writers with 2020 APA Update
Ninth Edition| 2019
Diana Hacker; Nancy Sommers
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