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Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

Seventh Edition ©2017 David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry is the #1 bestseller for the introductory biochemistry course because it brings clarity and coherence to an often unwieldy discipline, offering a thoroughly updated survey of biochemistry’s enduring principles, definitive discoveries, and groundbreaking ne...
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Look Inside Look Inside Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox - Seventh Edition, 2017 from Macmillan Student Store

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry is the #1 bestseller for the introductory biochemistry course because it brings clarity and coherence to an often unwieldy discipline, offering a thoroughly updated survey of biochemistry’s enduring principles, definitive discoveries, and groundbreaking new advances with each edition.   This new Seventh Edition maintains the qualities that have distinguished the text since Albert Lehninger’s original edition—clear writing, careful explanations of difficult concepts, helpful problem-solving support, and insightful communication of contemporary biochemistry’s core ideas, new techniques, and pivotal discoveries. Again, David Nelson and Michael Cox introduce students to an extraordinary amount of exciting new findings without an overwhelming amount of extra discussion or detail. And with this edition, W.H. Freeman and Sapling Learning have teamed up to provide the book’s richest, most completely integrated text/media learning experience yet, through an extraordinary new online resource: SaplingPlus.

Features

Lehninger Hallmarks
Students taking biochemistry for the first time often have difficulty with two key aspects of the course: approaching quantitative problems and applying what they learned in organic chemistry. Central to this book’s popularity are the effective ways it helps students overcome these difficulties:
Focus on Chemical Logic
► Section 13.2, Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions, discusses the common biochemical reaction types that underlie all metabolic reactions, helping students to connect organic chemistry with biochemistry.
► Chemical logic figures for each of the central metabolic pathways highlight the conservation of mechanism and illustrate patterns that make learning pathways easier.
► Mechanism figures help students understand the reaction process step by step, explaining a consistent set of conventions for each mechanism.
 
Clear Art
► Smarter renditions of classic figures are easier to interpret.
► Molecular structures created specifically for this book use consistent shapes and color schemes.
► Figures with numbered, annotated steps help explain complex processes.
► Summary figures help students keep the big picture in mind while learning the specifics.
 
Problem-Solving Tools
► In-text Worked Examples take students through particular difficult equations to improve their quantitative problem-solving skills.
► More than 600 end-of-chapter problems give students further opportunity to practice what they have learned.
► Data Analysis Problems (one at the end of each chapter), contributed by Brian White of the University of Massachusetts–Boston, encourage students to synthesize what they have learned and apply their knowledge to the interpretation of data from the literature.
 
Key Conventions
For review and easy reference throughout, Principles of Biochemistry highlights important assumptions and ideas that students are expected to assimilate without being told (for example, peptide sequences are written from amino- to carboxyl-terminal end, left to right; nucleotide sequences are written from 5´ to 3´ end, left to right).
 
 

New to This Edition

NEW Leading-Edge Science Topics, including
    ► Synthetic cells and disease genomics (Chapter 1)
    ► Intrinsically disordered protein segments (Chapter 4)
    ► Pre-steady state enzyme kinetics (Chapter 6)
    ► Gene annotation (Chapter 9)
    ► Gene editing via CRISPR (Chapter 9)
    ► Membrane trafficking and dynamics (Chapter 11)
    ► Importance of intrinsically disordered proteins in signaling (Chapter 12)
    ► New roles for NADH (Chapter 13)
    ► Specialized pro-resolving mediators (Chapter 21)
    ► Peptide hormones: incretins and blood glucose, irisin and exercise (Chapter 23)
    ► Chromosomal territories (Chapter 24)
    ► New details of eukaryotic DNA replication (Chapter 25)
    ► Cap snatching; spliceosome structure (Chapter 26)
    ► Ribosome rescue; RNA editing update (Chapter 27)
    ► New roles for non-coding RNAs (Chapters 26 and 28)
    ► The RNA recognition motif (Chapter 28)
 
NEW Tools and Technology, including
   ► Next-generation DNA sequencing now includes ion-torrent and single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing platforms, and the discussion has moved to follow classical Sanger sequencing (Chapter 8). 
   ► Gene editing via CRISPR is one of many updates to the discussion of genomics (Chapter 9).
   ► LIPID MAPS database and system of classifying lipids is included in the discussion of lipidomics (Chapter 10).
   ► Cryo-electron microscopy is described in a new box (Chapter 19).
   ► Ribosome profiling to determine which genes are being translated at any given moment, and many related technologies, are included to illustrate the versatility and power of deep DNA sequencing (Chapter 27)
   ► Online data resources such as NCBI, PDB, SCOP2, KEGG, and BLAST, mentioned throughout the text, are listed in the back endpapers for easy reference.
 
NEW Chapter 20, Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria
All coverage of plant metabolism is now consolidated into a single chapter, separate from oxidative phosphorylation, Chapter 19. Chapter 20 includes light-driven ATP synthesis, carbon fixation, photorespiration, the glyoxylate cycle, cellulose synthesis, and regulatory mechanisms that ensure integration of all of these activities throughout the plant.
 
NEW Medical Insights and Applications <Medical icon>
   ► NEW Guillain-Barré syndrome and gangliosides (Chapter 10)
   ► NEW Golden Rice Project to prevent diseases of vitamin A deficiency (Chapter 10)
   ► NEW Insight into cystic fibrosis and its treatment (Chapter 11)
   ► NEW Newborn screening for acyl-carnitine to diagnose mitochondrial disease (Chapter 17)
   ► NEW Mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial donation, and “three-parent babies” (Chapter 19) 
   ► NEW Xenobiotics as endocrine disruptors (Chapter 23)
 
NEW Special Theme: Metabolic Integration, Obesity and Diabetes
The focus on diabetes provides an integrating theme throughout the chapters on metabolism and its control. In this edition:
   ► NEW Na+-glucose transporter and the use of gliflozins in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (Chapter 11)
   ► NEW Breakdown of amino acids: methylglyoxal as a contributor to type 2 diabetes (Chapter 18)
   ► NEW  AMP-activated protein kinase in hypothalamus integrates hormonal inputs from gut, muscle, and adipose tissues (Chapter 23)
   ► NEW Brown and beige adipose tissues are thermogenic (Chapter 23)
   ► NEW Exercise stimulates irisin release and weight loss (Chapter 23)
   ► NEW Short-term eating behavior is influenced by ghrelin, PYY3–36, and cannabinoids (Chapter 23)
   ► NEW Microbial symbionts in the gut influence energy metabolism and adipogenesis (Chapter 23)
 
MEDIA AND SUPPLEMENTS
NEW Sapling Plus for Lehninger
This comprehensive and robust online platform combines the innovative high quality teaching and learning features with Sapling Learning’s acclaimed online homework for biochemistry:
 
SAPLING ONLINE HOMEWORK…
Proven effective at raising students’ comprehension and problem-solving skills and recently updated with hundreds of additional questions, Sapling Learning‘s innovative online homework for biochemistry offers:
Immediate, Individualized Feedback
Each student gets the guidance they need when they need it.
Efficient Course Management
Automatic grading, tracking, and analytics helps instructors save time and tailor assignments to student needs.
Industry-Leading Peer-to-Peer Support
Each instructor is paired with Tech TA—a fully trained PhD or Masters level colleague ready to help with everything from quizzes and assignments to syllabus planning and tech support.
 
…PLUS SUPERIOR INTERACTIVE FEATURES
Students are provided with media designed to enhance their understanding of biochemical principles and improve their problem-solving ability, including:
 
A fully interactive e-Book
The e-Book contains the full contents of the text and links to all student media integrated at point of use.
 
NEW Interactive Metabolic Map
With this interactive tool, students can navigate and zoom between overview and detailed views of the most commonly taught metabolic pathways—glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the penthose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, and β-oxidation. Tutorials with periodic concept check questions take students through the pathways step by step.
 
NEW Case Studies, Justine Hine, Lafayette College
Each case study introduces students to a biochemical mystery and allows them to determine what investigations will solve it. Accompanying assessments ensure that students have fully completed and understood the case study. Topics include:
• A Likely Story: Enzyme Inhibition
• An Unexplained Death: Carbohydrate Metabolism
• A Day at the Beach: Lipid Metabolism
• Runner's Experiment: Integration of Metabolism
 
UPDATED Animated Mechanism Figures
Every mechanism figure from the text is available as an animation, complete with explanatory narration and assessment with targeted feedback.
 
Animated Biochemical Techniques
Ten technique animations reveal experimental techniques available to researchers today.
 
UPDATED Molecular Structure Tutorials—now in JSmol
These tutorials now include assessment with targeted feedback to ensure that students get a deeper understanding of molecular structures. Tutorials include:
     • Protein Architecture (Chapter 3)
     • Oxygen-Binding Proteins (Chapter 5)
     • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules (Chapter 5)
     • Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids (Chapter 8)
     • Trimeric G Proteins (Chapter 12)
     • Bacteriorhodopsin (Chapter 19)
     • Restriction Endonucleases (Chapter 25)
     • The Hammerhead Ribozyme: An RNA Enzyme (Chapter 26)
     • Lac Repressor: A Gene Regulator (Chapter 28)
 
NEW Simulations
Based on figures in the text, these biochemical simulations let students interact with biochemical structures and processes. Simulations include:
     • Nucleotide Structure
     • DNA/RNA Structure
     • PCR
     • Sanger Sequencing
     • CRISPR
     • DNA Replication
     • DNA Polymerase
     • Mutation and Repair
     • Transcription
     • mRNA Processing
     • Translation
 
Living Graphs and Equations
These interactive tools, with manipulable variables, help students understand concepts and work through problems. Topics include:
     • Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (Equation 2-9)
     • Titration Curve for a Weak Acid (Figure 2.17)
     • Binding Curve for Myoglobin (Equation 5-11)
     • Cooperative Ligand Binding (Equation 5-14)
     • Hill Equation (Equation 5-16)
     • Protein-Ligand Interactions (Equation 5.8)
     • Competitive Inhibitor (Equation 6-28)
     • Lineweaver-Burk Equation (Box 6-1)
     • Michaelis-Menten Equation (Equation 6-9)
     • Mixed Inhibitor (Equation 6-30)
     • Uncompetitive Inhibitor (Equation 6.29)
     • Free-Energy for Transport Equation (Equation 11-3)
     • Free-Energy for Transport Graph (Equation 11.3)
     • Free-Energy Change (Equation 13-4)
     • Free-Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP Equation (Worked Example 13-2)
     • Free-Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP Graph (Worked Example 13-2)
     • Free-Energy for Transport of an Ion (Equation 11.4 and Equation 19.8)
 
Problem-Solving Videos, Scott Ensign of Utah State University
With diagrams, graphs, and narration, these videos walk students through problems on topics that typically prove difficult, helping them understanding the right approach to the solution.
 
For Instructors (also available at macmillanlearning.com)
      • Test Bank in editable Microsoft Word and Diploma formats includes 30 to 50 new multiple-         choice and short answer problems per chapter, for a total of more than 100 questions per-         chapter, each rated by Bloom’s level and level of difficulty.
      • Lecture Slides for the new edition, with updated, optimized art and editable text.
      • Clicker Questions for iClicker or other classroom response systems, written to foster active-              learning in the classroom and better inform instructors on student misunderstandings. 
      • Fully Optimized Art Files of every figure, photo, and table in the text feature enhanced color,-             high resolution, and enlarged fonts. These files are available as JPEGs or pre-loaded into-          Powerpoint format for each chapter.
 

Digital Options

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E-book

Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course.

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Sapling Learning Plus

Get the e-book, do your homework onine, try some quizzes, and more!

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Table of Contents

1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
1.1 Cellular Foundations
1.2 Chemical Foundations
Box 1–1 Molecular Weight, Molecular Mass, and Their Correct Units
Box 1–2 Louis Pasteur and Optical Activity: In Vino, Veritas
1.3 Physical Foundations
Box 1–3 Entropy: Things Fall Apart
1.4 Genetic Foundations
 
2. Water
2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems
2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
2.3 Buffering agains pH Changes in Biological Systems
Box 2-1 Medicine: On Being One's Own Rabbit (Don't Try This at Home!)
2.4 Water as a Reactant
2.5 The Fitness of Aqueous Environment for Living Organisms
 
3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
3.1 Amino Acids
Box 3-1 Methods: Absorption of Light by Molecules: The Lambert-Beer Law
3.2 Peptides and Proteins
3.3 Working with Proteins
3.4 The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure 
Box 3–2 Consensus Sequences and Sequence Logos

4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 
4.1 Overview of Protein Structure
4.2 Protein Secondary Structure
Box 4–1 Methods: Knowing the Right Hand from the Left 
4.3 Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
Box 4–2 Permanent Waving Is Biochemical Engineering
Box 4–3 Why Sailors, Explorers, and College Students Should Eat Their Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Box 4–4 The Protein Data Bank
Box 4–5 Methods: Methods for Determining the Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein
4.4 Protein Denaturation and Folding
Box 4–6 Medicine: Death by Misfolding: The Prion Diseases
 
5. Protein Function 
5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
Box 5–1 Medicine: Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer
5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins
5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors 
 
6. Enzymes
6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes
6.2 How Enzymes Work
6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism 
Box 6–1 Transformations of the Michaelis-Menten Equation: The Double-Reciprocal Plot
Box 6–2 Kinetic Tests for Determining Inhibition Mechanisms
Box 6–3 Curing African Sleeping Sickness with a Biochemical Trojan Horse
6.4 Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
6.5 Regulatory Enzymes
 
7. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Box 7–1 Medicine: Blood Glucose Measurements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes
Box 7–2 Sugar Is Sweet, and So Are . . . a Few Other Things
7.2 Polysaccharides
7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code 
7.5 Working with Carbohydrates 
 
8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 
8.1 Some Basics
8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry
8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides 
 
9.  DNA-Based Information Technologies
9.1 Studying Genes and Their Products
Box 9–1 A Powerful Tool in Forensic Medicine
9.2 Using DNA-Based Methods to Understand Protein Function
9.3 Genomics and the Human Story
Box 9–2 Medicine: Personalized Genomic Medicine
Box 9–3 Getting to Know the Neanderthals 
 
10. Lipids
10.1 Storage Lipids
10.2 Structural Lipids in Membranes
Box 10–1 Medicine: Abnormal Accumulations of Membrane Lipids: Some Inherited Human Diseases
10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments 
10.4 Working with Lipids
 
11. Biological Membranes and Transport 
11.1 The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
11.2 Membrane Dynamics
11.3 Solute Transport across Membranes
Box 11–1 Medicine: Defective Glucose and Water Transport in Two Forms of Diabetes
Box 11–2 Medicine: A Defective Ion Channel in Cystic Fibrosis
 
12. Biosignaling
12.1 General Features of Signal Transduction 
Box 12–1 Methods Scatchard Analysis Quantifies the Receptor-Ligand Interaction
12.2 Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
Box 12–2 Medicine: G Proteins: Binary Switches in Health and Disease
Box 12–3 Methods: FRET: Biochemistry Visualized in a Living Cell
12.3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
12.4 Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G
12.5 Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts
12.6 Gated Ion Channels
12.7 Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors
12.8 Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors
12.9 Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants
12.10 Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
Box 12–4 Medicine: Color Blindness: John Dalton’s Experiment from the Grave 
12.11 Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
12.12 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death
Box 12–5 Medicine: Development of Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment
 
13. Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types
13.1 Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
13.2 Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
13.3 Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP
Box 13–1 Firefly Flashes: Glowing Reports of ATP 
13.4 Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
 
14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
14.1 Glycolysis
Box 14–1 Medicine: High Rate of Glycolysis in Tumors Suggests Targets for Chemotherapy and Facilitates Diagnosis 
14.2 Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
14.3 Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation 
Box 14–2 Athletes, Alligators, and Coelacanths: Glycolysis at Limiting Concentrations of Oxygen
Box 14–3 Ethanol Fermentations: Brewing Beer and Producing Biofuels
14.4 Gluconeogenesis
14.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
Box 14–4 Medicine: Why Pythagoras Wouldn’t Eat Falafel: Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
 
15. Principles of Metabolic Regulation
15.1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
15.2 Analysis of Metabolic Control 
Box 15–1 Methods: Metabolic Control Analysis: Quantitative Aspects
15.3 Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Box 15–2 Isozymes: Different Proteins That Catalyze the Same Reaction
Box 15–3 Medicine: Genetic Mutations That Lead to Rare Forms of Diabetes
15.4 The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
Box 15–4 Carl and Gerty Cori: Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism and Disease
15.5 Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown
 
16. The Citric Acid Cycle
16.1 Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
16.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
Box 16–1 Moonlighting Enzymes: Proteins with More Than One Job 
Box 16–2  Synthases and Synthetases; Ligases and Lyases; Kinases, Phosphatases, and Phosphorylases: Yes, the Names Are Confusing!
Box 16–3 Citrate: A Symmetric Molecule That Reacts Asymmetrically
16.3 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
16.4 The Glyoxylate Cycle
 
17. Fatty Acid Catabolism
17.1 Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
17.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Box 17–1 Fat Bears Carry Out β Oxidation in Their Sleep
Box 17–2 Coenzyme B12: A Radical Solution to a Perplexing Problem 
17.3 Ketone Bodies 
 
18. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
18.1 Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
Box 18–1 Medicine: Assays for Tissue Damage
18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
Box 18–2 Medicine:Scientific Sleuths Solve a Murder Mystery 
 
19.  Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation
19.1 Electron-Transfer Reactions in Mitochondria
Box 19–1 Hot, Stinking Plants and Alternative Respiratory Pathways 
19.2 ATP Synthesis
Box 19–2 Methods: Atomic Force Microscopy to Visualize Membrane Proteins 
19.3 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
19.4 Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis
19.5 Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations 
Photosynthesis: Harvesting Light Energy
19.6 General Features of Photophosphorylation
19.7 Light Absorption
19.8 The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow 
19.9 ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation
19.10 The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
 
20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 
20.1 Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis
20.2 Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways
Box 20–1 Will Genetic Engineering of Photosynthetic Organisms Increase Their Efficiency?
20.3 Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose
20.4 Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan
20.5 Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell 
 
21. Lipid Biosynthesis
21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
Box 21–1 Medicine: Mixed-Function Oxidases, Cytochrome P-450s and Drug Overdoses
21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
21.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport 
Box 21–2 Medicine: ApoE Alleles Predict Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease
Box 21–3 Medicine: The Lipid Hypothesis and the Development of Statins
 
22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
Box 22–1 Unusual Lifestyles of the Obscure but Abundant
22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 
22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
Box 22–2 On Kings and Vampires
22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
 
23. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism 
23.1 Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions
Box 23–1 Medicine: How Is a Hormone Discovered? The Arduous Path to Purified Insulin
23.2 Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor 
Box 23–2 Creatine and Creatine Kinase: Invaluable Diagnostic Aids and the Muscle Builder’s Friends
23.3 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
23.4 Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
23.5 Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes
 
24. Genes and Chromosomes
24.1 Chromosomal Elements
24.2 DNA Supercoiling
Box 24–1 Medicine: Curing Disease by Inhibiting Topoisomerases
24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes
Box 24–2 Medicine: Epigenetics, Nucleosome Structure, and Histone Variants
 
25. DNA Metabolism
25.1 DNA Replication
25.2 DNA Repair
Box 25–1 Medicine: DNA Repair and Cancer
25.3 DNA Recombination
Box 25–2 Medicine:Why Proper Chromosomal Segregation Matters
 
26. RNA Metabolism
26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA 
Box 26–1 Methods: RNA Polymerase Leaves Its Footprint on a Promoter 
26.2 RNA Processing 
26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA 
Box 26–2 Medicine: Fighting AIDS with Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase
Box 26–3 Methods: The SELEX Method for Generating RNA Polymers with New Functions
Box 26–4 An Expanding RNA Universe Filled with TUF RNAs
 
27. Protein Metabolism
27.1 The Genetic Code
Box 27–1 Exceptions That Prove the Rule: Natural Variations in the Genetic Code
27.2 Protein Synthesis
Box 27–2 From an RNA World to a Protein World
Box 27–3 Natural and Unnatural Expansion of the Genetic Code
Box 27–4 Induced Variation in the Genetic Code: Nonsense Suppression 
27.3 Protein Targeting and Degradation
 
28. Regulation of Gene Expression 
28.1 Principles of Gene Regulation 
28.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
28.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Box 28–1 Of Fins, Wings, Beaks, and Things
 
Appendix A Common Abbreviations in the Biochemical Research Literature
Appendix B Abbreviated Solutions to Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index

David L. Nelson

David L. Nelson is Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.  He is also the Academic Program Director for university's Institute for Cross-college Biology Education.

Michael M. Cox

Michael M. Cox was born in Wilmington, Delaware. After graduating from the University of Delaware in 1974, Cox went to Brandeis University to do his doctoral work with William P. Jencks, and then to Stanford in 1979 for postdoctoral study with I. Robert Lehman. He moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1983, and became a full professor of biochemistry in 1992. His research focuses on recombinational DNA repair processes. In addition to the work on this text, Cox is a co-author of four editions of Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. He has received awards for both his teaching and his research, including the 1989 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, and two major teaching awards from the University of Wisconsin and the University of Wisconsin System. Hobbies include travel, gardening, wine collecting, and assisting in the design of laboratory buildings.

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